tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-25463370985994250072024-02-06T23:08:21.454-06:00My Life In A BlogMy everyday journey of life's adventureUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger1666125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-42231023387297399292022-07-01T19:41:00.000-05:002022-07-01T19:41:08.637-05:00Home<p> Got to come home today. Finally at 1230 (midnight) finally got some broth and sierra mist. I was good then I slept till after 6 </p><p>I got released around 800, but had to wait on PT, Hospital Dr, then the nurse to come and remove my av do final bp ect I walked out of the hospital at 10 mins till 9 got home and resting all my little girls are right up on the couch with me</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-33021588550208699902022-07-01T19:40:00.002-05:002022-07-01T19:40:17.743-05:00Surgery<p> </p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">Surgery</h3><div class="post-header" style="background-color: white; color: #b918d5; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2568348711081765815" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 528px;"><p> </p><div class="post-header" style="clear: left; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; width: inherit;"><div class="post-header-line-1"><span class="byline post-timestamp" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 24px; margin-left: -1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><a class="timestamp-link" href="https://ginabeanzdailylife.blogspot.com/2022/07/surgery.html" rel="bookmark" style="background: transparent; color: #b918d5; font: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;" title="permanent link">July 01, 2022</a></span></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content float-container" id="post-body-5225751986825028935" style="color: #757575; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 1.5em 0px 2em; position: relative; width: 528px;"><p><br /></p><p> Surgery was successful! Praise the LORD. Had a pancreatic episode due to opioids do to not eating enough. In this case a very small cup of jello wasn't enough. They then took me off food and water till the dr comes in the am. I haven't had solid food since 530 wed. Iam about in a raging fit and this fluid IV isn't cutting it. I am very weak from no food and very dry mouthed. Please pray this gets resolved quickly.</p><p> PT starts Wed July 6th. </p><p>Let this healing journey begin.</p><p>They met me keep Joy (mama bear) with me right till they wheeled me to surgery they gave her bac k in recovery</p><p><br /></p><p>Thank you for prayers</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi74HiDO0bA0aWugX6_3Wjn8VtB3BCb5bLQYjgJTcAHCjOTU4auIlWvuPtXk9Wc4aKqxTd3hLOFXynt9USAayX05NiFrTkANpd2HE17tES4H5KSzGj1mtcfgBrv-u1LFxtkqcUDIvUEgqmZ94rZ3RYdXhm8v83SnTGB9p6n4B2bdtByO3T7EDy1a-2O/s6528/16566516327686704205520744756855.jpg" style="background: transparent; color: #2196f3; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="6528" data-original-width="4896" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi74HiDO0bA0aWugX6_3Wjn8VtB3BCb5bLQYjgJTcAHCjOTU4auIlWvuPtXk9Wc4aKqxTd3hLOFXynt9USAayX05NiFrTkANpd2HE17tES4H5KSzGj1mtcfgBrv-u1LFxtkqcUDIvUEgqmZ94rZ3RYdXhm8v83SnTGB9p6n4B2bdtByO3T7EDy1a-2O/s320/16566516327686704205520744756855.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: inherit; max-width: 100%; position: relative;" width="240" /></a>-=</div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-44461163346167912382022-06-26T15:58:00.004-05:002022-06-26T15:58:37.295-05:00Sonday Funday<p> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"> </span></p><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2921599218933437016" itemprop="description articleBody" style="font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 528px;"><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"></p><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD_xbDqJwTc9pf221RcOCTQsKlNSLAkz-7G94sEYFc4VsOb6uiFw1UL2kSbp-whzGq4UCawvVgLryPT_0NfjtLM3xh9lxPY4_CXkVdm1I4n1fqOhVz6V5-dvV4vCKpepjP43MSva2jYbsX5Fov1LNF4MlinOQzNeMDnu4D0B8sXX5tIWdJeUvMun1i/s4032/20220624_094209.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD_xbDqJwTc9pf221RcOCTQsKlNSLAkz-7G94sEYFc4VsOb6uiFw1UL2kSbp-whzGq4UCawvVgLryPT_0NfjtLM3xh9lxPY4_CXkVdm1I4n1fqOhVz6V5-dvV4vCKpepjP43MSva2jYbsX5Fov1LNF4MlinOQzNeMDnu4D0B8sXX5tIWdJeUvMun1i/s320/20220624_094209.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="240" /></a></div><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;" /><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;">Everyone needs a hug now and then, this is Millie and Truffles (the calico) hugging each other then Millie strted bathing her. How cute is this?</div><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;">Sunday, June 26</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/joshua/24-15.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;">Joshua 24:15</a></span><span class="verse" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 3px;">15</span> But if serving the LORD seems undesirable to you, then choose for yourselves this day whom you will serve, whether the gods your ancestors served beyond the Euphrates, or the gods of the Amorites, in whose land you are living. But as for me and my household, we will serve the LORD.”</span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><span class="verse" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; outline: 0px !important;"><br /></span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"></p><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIr7_plx4o5hmO7E02xbzThfkKk-zJ4q6tRKB-sdRDYZZTjLHKZiTPPvDJyhiYkDTc11rAKI_QGK2FeEYo450MRnNRFdqh48zQ7MVcBTwpac0j2Im_eEV0eg3pwpjI73mTihnqVdLpheyN_9B9rWlahKHTVLn56hEZyMofn6BNQ6yIW1mt57cHV-Bv/s181/th%20(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="181" data-original-width="150" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIr7_plx4o5hmO7E02xbzThfkKk-zJ4q6tRKB-sdRDYZZTjLHKZiTPPvDJyhiYkDTc11rAKI_QGK2FeEYo450MRnNRFdqh48zQ7MVcBTwpac0j2Im_eEV0eg3pwpjI73mTihnqVdLpheyN_9B9rWlahKHTVLn56hEZyMofn6BNQ6yIW1mt57cHV-Bv/s1600/th%20(1).jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="150" /></a></div><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;" /><span class="verse" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; outline: 0px !important;"><br /></span><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-51839070207122555122022-06-26T15:57:00.003-05:002022-06-26T15:57:34.232-05:00Thankful Thursday<p> </p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;"><br /></h3><div class="post-header" style="background-color: white; color: #b918d5; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-6192313751230692268" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 528px;"><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja_k-fDmnZtKPT13RbTlVoMuvAWmJL8ed33ARBf2SdOpEOMwzfqeuNat-CmXY6o-Wn-5_amjEKukIJlDjTX3iKrck1-AhHzaKxtWcKz_Qfp5f1vGgO0pPo2eDcm01xvxPCW6qz9206kVHkXCTGs2I1BLcIRIpCtOaxbd4A6N70qozrX-TSlzk3elpc/s301/th.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="207" data-original-width="301" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja_k-fDmnZtKPT13RbTlVoMuvAWmJL8ed33ARBf2SdOpEOMwzfqeuNat-CmXY6o-Wn-5_amjEKukIJlDjTX3iKrck1-AhHzaKxtWcKz_Qfp5f1vGgO0pPo2eDcm01xvxPCW6qz9206kVHkXCTGs2I1BLcIRIpCtOaxbd4A6N70qozrX-TSlzk3elpc/s1600/th.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="301" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Thankful Thursday is always one of my favorite days, however I give thanks for things daily.</p><p><br /></p><p>Today I am thankful for</p><p>A/C in this heat wave we are having the heat index at 2:35 pm cdt is 110 </p><p>Salvation</p><p>Unconditional love of my heavenly father</p><p>The love my animals give me, they have kept me from going completly insane</p><p>Friends</p><p>Family</p><p>Food</p><p>Dependable transportation</p><p>The women at church that we get together with on a monthly basis, I just love the fellowship</p><p>Bible Journaling is going great :)</p><p>Prayers being answered</p><p><br /></p><p>PLEASE join me in prayer for the following</p><p>OUR COUNTRY </p><p>Cooler temps</p><p>my upcoming shoulder replacement (June 30) </p><p>Hospital stay (24 hrs. post-surgery) (I enjoy my own bed)</p><p>safe travels too and from for surgery, that I can get some sleep next Wed </p><p>my brother who is facing (possible) knee surgery, they are trying to find why he still has drop foot </p><p>One of my friends who is dealing with some personal things </p><p><br /></p><p>Thank you for agreeing in prayer with me.</p><p><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/joshua/1-9.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;">Joshua 1:9</a></span><span class="verse" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 3px;">9</span> Have I not commanded you? Be strong and courageous. Do not be afraid; do not be discouraged, for the LORD your God will be with you wherever you go.”</span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-81892414655578218882022-06-26T15:56:00.002-05:002022-06-26T15:56:19.334-05:00wordless wednesday <p> </p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">wordless wednesday</h3><div class="post-header" style="background-color: white; color: #b918d5; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-83900835411747567" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 528px;"><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZEwSdUrUpwGabp1RfsildXSoayEGabdmGqwuAhW7xjmSvfn28tlkLYSq-5_a5jFem7nSbEXN1gcu7V0mrzZcsCUgq_Uuued8Ta2FvEl6-UUx-3Wj59RsJlRmD_Ev0hkUuoWIvQuDxmHt87Ypa0wCVyh3lgUNkuwZUGlItgardp4p7MfL_YPPJsUPw/s1344/20220618_135253.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1344" data-original-width="1008" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZEwSdUrUpwGabp1RfsildXSoayEGabdmGqwuAhW7xjmSvfn28tlkLYSq-5_a5jFem7nSbEXN1gcu7V0mrzZcsCUgq_Uuued8Ta2FvEl6-UUx-3Wj59RsJlRmD_Ev0hkUuoWIvQuDxmHt87Ypa0wCVyh3lgUNkuwZUGlItgardp4p7MfL_YPPJsUPw/s320/20220618_135253.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="240" /></a></div>these 2 are best buddies but tell me Ms. Truffles how can that possibly be comfy. Sandra the Chihuahua thinks she is Truffles mom.<p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;">Thursday, June 23</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/ephesians/5-25.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;">Ephesians 5:25</a></span><span class="verse" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 3px;">25</span> Husbands, love your wives, just as Christ loved the church and gave himself up for her</span><br /> </p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-59672390017730004722022-06-26T15:55:00.000-05:002022-06-26T15:55:10.786-05:00Wordless Wednesday<p> </p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;"><br /></h3><div class="post-header" style="background-color: white; color: #b918d5; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-7568705873077588472" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 528px;"><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKqOEnRanOrKalLlueLQ0X4xny2ZYdmc9_vMZx-ZNdVNmJsEZblAUwYrF2TbFgPYvg9xOln_m6e-yRee-qhtkHk38AzHJS9wE-5Emc6UtQnVjEujvloFlXIRSsXhMznvkH8YoyiocZV1thVLMwRpiLJ5YxuXs-KKUWtbHR9t94_YJYEMfw-IJTEc7d/s4032/20220613_183440.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKqOEnRanOrKalLlueLQ0X4xny2ZYdmc9_vMZx-ZNdVNmJsEZblAUwYrF2TbFgPYvg9xOln_m6e-yRee-qhtkHk38AzHJS9wE-5Emc6UtQnVjEujvloFlXIRSsXhMznvkH8YoyiocZV1thVLMwRpiLJ5YxuXs-KKUWtbHR9t94_YJYEMfw-IJTEc7d/s320/20220613_183440.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="240" /></a></div><br /> CATS lol<p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;">Wednesday, June 15</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/malachi/3-10.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;">Malachi 3:10</a></span><span class="verse" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 3px;">10</span> Bring the whole tithe into the storehouse, that there may be food in my house. Test me in this,” says the LORD Almighty, “and see if I will not throw open the floodgates of heaven and pour out so much blessing that there will not be room enough to store it.</span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-13849975257011638232022-06-26T15:54:00.000-05:002022-06-26T15:54:06.447-05:00Thankful Thursday and photos<p> </p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;"><br /></h3><div class="post-header" style="background-color: white; color: #b918d5; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-910099172585707570" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 528px;"><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPO-06ddIvRZp7HdRLOqeZpCh2FwvvAG6YvRmv2h9JV1V8O9weagP8EMsFwj377s73KX5uRvJ2HslgDwBOm7JF7Fm1o3vhX21AIyjwrScYkUKSeLgi3aaFv_bLDd5RZ0PR1zjgZwuAt91G8T9qthya5yCcJAGpH9hrbQv096KHYX6bnrFSWYhrraYO/s828/R.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="824" data-original-width="828" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPO-06ddIvRZp7HdRLOqeZpCh2FwvvAG6YvRmv2h9JV1V8O9weagP8EMsFwj377s73KX5uRvJ2HslgDwBOm7JF7Fm1o3vhX21AIyjwrScYkUKSeLgi3aaFv_bLDd5RZ0PR1zjgZwuAt91G8T9qthya5yCcJAGpH9hrbQv096KHYX6bnrFSWYhrraYO/s320/R.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Today I am thankful for my Salvation</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">the faithfulness of my heavenly father</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">a/c in the hot weather</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">being able to learn bible journaling</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">bills paid</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">dependable transportation</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">food in the cabinets/fridge</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">friends </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">family</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">That my trailer didn't get blown over *wed morning* in the storm, it was moving, my pictures fell off the wall</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">please keep in prayer:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">we are do for 1 to 5" of rain on top of the 3" since Monday we are at flood stage on the rivers again</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">my cousins who lost their dad May 23, they lost their mom March 9 this is alot to take on much less both parents within 3 months</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">my upcoming shoulder replacement (june 30) </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">our country </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3p1dlK42j40rEEtPQnSk8qPIehrKALwKXcZuqv9AzXA8v_keOHF-ffObqi3rAByix1TRZZWC16ak9dns1ON8I3dRgImZfVMlQHMYsnp2MzmLPpGt6fO7i8wkf6_34iCC8UQcvqB-fmIfV-aFL0kiqD6Uh4XdwHfwikx6-M2LIy2M4b-r9YDeP85hZ/s4032/20220609_053738.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3p1dlK42j40rEEtPQnSk8qPIehrKALwKXcZuqv9AzXA8v_keOHF-ffObqi3rAByix1TRZZWC16ak9dns1ON8I3dRgImZfVMlQHMYsnp2MzmLPpGt6fO7i8wkf6_34iCC8UQcvqB-fmIfV-aFL0kiqD6Uh4XdwHfwikx6-M2LIy2M4b-r9YDeP85hZ/s320/20220609_053738.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>what a beautiful sunrise for this morning<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUZ0hZ3HTi1thQRt6XGb8L1SzRZnkHDqY2-IL9DDZiuep4MYWCq4xCw1zpG680TlYY5dCs2ZkUPvgJ2caR7-NoYg0ZHgX8-YH8uzoSFYxVMsq9cgGnGLtt03Lg_usshAS6uzHQOgRlcGamcYP0xk_Z6fxImqQOQ1agidmsghpNzbTZNzLHppwNUZSB/s4032/20220609_140443.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUZ0hZ3HTi1thQRt6XGb8L1SzRZnkHDqY2-IL9DDZiuep4MYWCq4xCw1zpG680TlYY5dCs2ZkUPvgJ2caR7-NoYg0ZHgX8-YH8uzoSFYxVMsq9cgGnGLtt03Lg_usshAS6uzHQOgRlcGamcYP0xk_Z6fxImqQOQ1agidmsghpNzbTZNzLHppwNUZSB/s320/20220609_140443.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="240" /></a></div>This blue heron found the shade to be the place to be with it being 95 outside<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZsROeDJvkti0ZTnMcjDxLJQ-z9Vs9g3TirTUd4_7CIF2_JAaXj4LJUgpQbT8DAkZ2Dlg7sTNrXwPQvJM6WP7lTYyKVEwpcND35hU2cmzf7mfhWYkDkGIFNCUKiecISss1cTunKvLuBe3_oQOdasqgIEYpSVCLyaVoHc_2PV_028ZGXVjDpQIQn0Gx/s4032/20220609_140643.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZsROeDJvkti0ZTnMcjDxLJQ-z9Vs9g3TirTUd4_7CIF2_JAaXj4LJUgpQbT8DAkZ2Dlg7sTNrXwPQvJM6WP7lTYyKVEwpcND35hU2cmzf7mfhWYkDkGIFNCUKiecISss1cTunKvLuBe3_oQOdasqgIEYpSVCLyaVoHc_2PV_028ZGXVjDpQIQn0Gx/s320/20220609_140643.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>I just love this bridge and the heron was still not bothered by me taking its picture<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgavdhLUXn611xu6yuDbJiDo1H-2nK2W-Baiwa5iNYUhlM3O3mjpn8WxbrD3VZypgCPYDnM5iAI34cfhnbaJpawHsZX0uimbSJdzAi0_K7oISIGPNizq5PBZOyL2CiTf6NWo8jbPo8gY57HgoBTr7vHrPkQiKmM-_gGmdF9KbmltNx8Yx5UQizaTjwQ/s4032/20220609_140922.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgavdhLUXn611xu6yuDbJiDo1H-2nK2W-Baiwa5iNYUhlM3O3mjpn8WxbrD3VZypgCPYDnM5iAI34cfhnbaJpawHsZX0uimbSJdzAi0_K7oISIGPNizq5PBZOyL2CiTf6NWo8jbPo8gY57HgoBTr7vHrPkQiKmM-_gGmdF9KbmltNx8Yx5UQizaTjwQ/s320/20220609_140922.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>Even the geese and ducks were taking part of the shade, with one lonely swimmer<br /> <p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;">Thursday, June 09</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/isaiah/56-5.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;">Isaiah 56:5</a></span><span class="verse" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 3px;">5</span> to them I will give within my temple and its walls a memorial and a name better than sons and daughters; I will give them an everlasting name that will endure forever.</span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-66980018332122740152022-06-26T15:52:00.001-05:002022-06-26T15:52:26.734-05:00Tuesday surprises<p> </p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;"><br /></h3><div class="post-header" style="background-color: white; color: #b918d5; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-1428766283308489076" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 528px;"><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0mxPqCGramJ16xm_PF0pcwfruvOU-J-3BZ7GWwH8YBezxDBzXstnc1zIhcc0QUSEBbxVG7A-9mbGyXyILqdQ2wkzYnbYxxXMGOUXWq4eoqWnYZLtcA1LbMvPqfj1_jcsTTaM6GUqj-SXqYa2O81-hH6enToVp3As04ETs8RXZenUjO365uFJSsFq0/s1620/DSC_2522_1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1620" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0mxPqCGramJ16xm_PF0pcwfruvOU-J-3BZ7GWwH8YBezxDBzXstnc1zIhcc0QUSEBbxVG7A-9mbGyXyILqdQ2wkzYnbYxxXMGOUXWq4eoqWnYZLtcA1LbMvPqfj1_jcsTTaM6GUqj-SXqYa2O81-hH6enToVp3As04ETs8RXZenUjO365uFJSsFq0/s320/DSC_2522_1.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>Ms. Cowbird (grackle) was just sitting waiting patiently for her friend to come back, she says it was too hot to do much flying<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKohndKz_ZbXIYJO73wqLdpqnaEOwsID3OyQ4fPcgBMGY4XRPlyyVx8DfpDH0rWj-LNHKL8sgpK-dMn2O4txBpbUaSvH7UPfnLsbJs3Rut0s49koTPkmVpqbLKTl3pyv0jQYQuQ5WZ75gBp3FggbSIVRwDJEYrxQ_tcWK1VPKZykdm5A2pMWr3yEgL/s1620/DSC_2524_1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1620" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKohndKz_ZbXIYJO73wqLdpqnaEOwsID3OyQ4fPcgBMGY4XRPlyyVx8DfpDH0rWj-LNHKL8sgpK-dMn2O4txBpbUaSvH7UPfnLsbJs3Rut0s49koTPkmVpqbLKTl3pyv0jQYQuQ5WZ75gBp3FggbSIVRwDJEYrxQ_tcWK1VPKZykdm5A2pMWr3yEgL/s320/DSC_2524_1.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>this little male wren was singing with all his little might<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV1_9G-_Ca1cm9FQXJPmihUJw-73hhyF69D10Blr_koco98nnifhJwMSG06UWbHhTGGIYeywSE9Lx10la6BbaxbfMIcsMubOmsIWqY2_o3J4E5L2J7eopckpJYsVPy80kZOPNTI-30YAn9nlbOj35fUpxO_4tTLZ4f9ebZsBUX9pgv3cksGTYp3GWg/s1620/DSC_2527_1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1620" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV1_9G-_Ca1cm9FQXJPmihUJw-73hhyF69D10Blr_koco98nnifhJwMSG06UWbHhTGGIYeywSE9Lx10la6BbaxbfMIcsMubOmsIWqY2_o3J4E5L2J7eopckpJYsVPy80kZOPNTI-30YAn9nlbOj35fUpxO_4tTLZ4f9ebZsBUX9pgv3cksGTYp3GWg/s320/DSC_2527_1.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>seems the lightening bugs like the queen Anne's lace (wild carrots)<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqPr8vt88tlJrlIhDPeqs620EwlsbfvddDVmtOylG9JoRrPIvHoKRF7kHIE9FG2l9BwbMQoXssQpxTcdS0ibLWEfBjVG1eASoVtmqx5Iyu4ZJylEYaCyWRjO6LF-rkCg38ozuD4sMQgguH9JCNVYY7fUZFyaxH5GRonOjioQ5uxf8a1gASXCUnDX1K/s1620/DSC_2528_1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1620" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqPr8vt88tlJrlIhDPeqs620EwlsbfvddDVmtOylG9JoRrPIvHoKRF7kHIE9FG2l9BwbMQoXssQpxTcdS0ibLWEfBjVG1eASoVtmqx5Iyu4ZJylEYaCyWRjO6LF-rkCg38ozuD4sMQgguH9JCNVYY7fUZFyaxH5GRonOjioQ5uxf8a1gASXCUnDX1K/s320/DSC_2528_1.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>this clasping bellflower is so tiny I almost missed it<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnW_-h0ZnqkMC-AwhrBVCBUsuSDFpvfcef2pKQmcm2kpgpz-nTSW7NK8D0uIGH_q9i3g-zGK-5-NrbkjFaeeu_n8c3dzPXP8CEn43_A70gN5GXUcPNujLHcpazYa6eM4oVP51Snci5A0VwXa20MRVGX4wPYWb23bikWq2yr5kxtF5kfjU-YYHmYb0Y/s1620/DSC_2529_1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1620" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnW_-h0ZnqkMC-AwhrBVCBUsuSDFpvfcef2pKQmcm2kpgpz-nTSW7NK8D0uIGH_q9i3g-zGK-5-NrbkjFaeeu_n8c3dzPXP8CEn43_A70gN5GXUcPNujLHcpazYa6eM4oVP51Snci5A0VwXa20MRVGX4wPYWb23bikWq2yr5kxtF5kfjU-YYHmYb0Y/s320/DSC_2529_1.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>I think the buttercups are really pretty, but I caught an insect diving into the flower (blow it up its right above the flower center<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiRQ65iNiZV6yfALJofC5Sri1LAyrdb0gCbrZ3vKF9OHWWViZqeYPxBnrRb14Ep4s6-0x3PA-smUiOwsmMIOWn1Unaq07NbJyEeBz6GzEbNeTHblVDMdhfp5nKKJWfLEHTXhwBAts2ZO7vFzVcVttcuUamcczUnM3hRDMKxOwet5H88mvnaYWqm735/s1620/DSC_2530_1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1620" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiRQ65iNiZV6yfALJofC5Sri1LAyrdb0gCbrZ3vKF9OHWWViZqeYPxBnrRb14Ep4s6-0x3PA-smUiOwsmMIOWn1Unaq07NbJyEeBz6GzEbNeTHblVDMdhfp5nKKJWfLEHTXhwBAts2ZO7vFzVcVttcuUamcczUnM3hRDMKxOwet5H88mvnaYWqm735/s320/DSC_2530_1.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>the blackberries are coming on really strong, there are tuns of them growing all over the yard.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL4DgX4IPsLlaVpV3NpcCm-OhPPKUrRAMO6alUIMIClK1d2AWl87wtMcsw2CtGJwstWlVLx63SSNvj7_EE1Yf0Ypq3VDj99LBKz4TIo6pihQ42Y_s1mmhAqoxLKWxrq-2sGGtBsj0fI7e7b-crsMRq8--dkIHBC10pVK0eobB5e_P9-geJh3XC0hUr/s1620/DSC_2531_1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1620" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL4DgX4IPsLlaVpV3NpcCm-OhPPKUrRAMO6alUIMIClK1d2AWl87wtMcsw2CtGJwstWlVLx63SSNvj7_EE1Yf0Ypq3VDj99LBKz4TIo6pihQ42Y_s1mmhAqoxLKWxrq-2sGGtBsj0fI7e7b-crsMRq8--dkIHBC10pVK0eobB5e_P9-geJh3XC0hUr/s320/DSC_2531_1.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>My Widow's Cross (I found right after Gary passed away, over near Joplin. It bloomed out over the weekend, I was (am) so happy<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdKoi39B--Ca3qV-VeXTyg2JsNpX69KhjqW2nRhZtA65mdElAaFuvAl9mMDucXo1osbn1z3b-e1o9KDCYonHeUoK6YzO1cCZrKpdK96Km_KIRP_PoYa2ES1WqA-DKgmUzHToaLV35x1URMBPwhnRYcJ6TVON8M3t9jmEoYUi8ZjdIiAOPd73mbUphE/s1620/DSC_2535_1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1620" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdKoi39B--Ca3qV-VeXTyg2JsNpX69KhjqW2nRhZtA65mdElAaFuvAl9mMDucXo1osbn1z3b-e1o9KDCYonHeUoK6YzO1cCZrKpdK96Km_KIRP_PoYa2ES1WqA-DKgmUzHToaLV35x1URMBPwhnRYcJ6TVON8M3t9jmEoYUi8ZjdIiAOPd73mbUphE/s320/DSC_2535_1.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>the milk weed is about ready to sprout its seeds (the look almost like giant dandelions when they blow)<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU26JEh1yzShEmhmFCC7JkPWXuEiw9FchrUw0xdgSeaCiQqvFg0h0YssF6EgX9S0pPjFi8KlqDAgBDNZAKjPtA9uj7E7bP_604vV1BA3j4Kj1L6_zWxR8Ob4WCIRGHeJotGto1YjwVfqckOA97iBDS3c6c9dg8THUdZuZ18EhVFhRqrItnoSsRcU0w/s1620/DSC_2539.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #ec1fec; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1620" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU26JEh1yzShEmhmFCC7JkPWXuEiw9FchrUw0xdgSeaCiQqvFg0h0YssF6EgX9S0pPjFi8KlqDAgBDNZAKjPtA9uj7E7bP_604vV1BA3j4Kj1L6_zWxR8Ob4WCIRGHeJotGto1YjwVfqckOA97iBDS3c6c9dg8THUdZuZ18EhVFhRqrItnoSsRcU0w/s320/DSC_2539.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>These tiny butterflies are everywhere they are a pretty bluish/purple (they are called Tiny Grass (bangalore butterflies) the dirt mound is from crawdads<p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;">Tuesday, June 07</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/proverbs/10-7.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;">Proverbs 10:7</a></span><span class="verse" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 3px;">7</span> The name of the righteous is used in blessings, but the name of the wicked will rot.</span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-62464757377342172632022-06-26T15:51:00.000-05:002022-06-26T15:51:14.477-05:00Tuesday 4: Coffee and Tea<p> </p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;"><br /></h3><div class="post-header" style="background-color: white; color: #b918d5; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-647143349637150539" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 528px;"><p> </p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: Kranky, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">Coffee & Tea</h3><div class="post-header" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14.4px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-653849618924839196" itemprop="description articleBody" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 17.6px; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 623px;"><br /><p style="color: #5c5c5c;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #5c5c5c; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcRg30JrPFpVkA0Fz4s1WbeXiJT9g-4nmcqN1AIBxp-Nx7eWdQbHetWgwMEYfl0ShdWgvuwbYzqJdVn-MM250sMc4lQEsvr3A04JluvaQU7Ex6Bj1lQVbji8N_3Z54Kr9TpdW4qYGHf32W8MVYdvgeisa8CgiEEb6rlFtqcdmcs4LW1drC_LF3X7q-Jg/s498/tea-coffee.gif" style="clear: left; color: #d52c1f; float: left; font-family: "Fredericka the Great"; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="357" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcRg30JrPFpVkA0Fz4s1WbeXiJT9g-4nmcqN1AIBxp-Nx7eWdQbHetWgwMEYfl0ShdWgvuwbYzqJdVn-MM250sMc4lQEsvr3A04JluvaQU7Ex6Bj1lQVbji8N_3Z54Kr9TpdW4qYGHf32W8MVYdvgeisa8CgiEEb6rlFtqcdmcs4LW1drC_LF3X7q-Jg/w286-h400/tea-coffee.gif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(242, 242, 242); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="286" /></a></div><span style="color: #5c5c5c;"> </span><p style="color: #5c5c5c;"></p><p style="color: #5c5c5c;"><br /></p><p style="color: #5c5c5c;"><br /></p><p style="color: #5c5c5c;"><br /></p><p style="color: #5c5c5c;"><br /></p><p style="color: #5c5c5c;"><br /></p><p style="color: #5c5c5c;"><br /></p><p style="color: #5c5c5c;"><br /></p><p style="color: #5c5c5c;"><br /></p><p style="color: #5c5c5c;"><br /></p><p style="color: #5c5c5c;"><br /></p><p style="color: #5c5c5c;"> Hello! Glad you are back for more of Toni Taddeo's Tuesday 4.. If you knew Toni you would know that coffee was one of her great pleasures in life. So friends, let's talk about those two popular drinks tea and coffee. Okay? Let's go....</p><p style="color: #5c5c5c;"><b>1. What is/are your favorite coffee? (brand or flavor) If you are a tea lover, which tea is the best for you?</b></p><p><span style="color: red;">Lipton for me (iced preferably, but on occasion I do like hot tea). If I do drink coffee it is Folgers (Folgers in your cup)</span></p><p style="color: #5c5c5c;"><b>2. How do you take your coffee or tea? Sugar, cream , flavoring?</b></p><p><span style="color: red;">Sugar, creamer for coffee. iced tea I like sweet tea with oranges in it, as it brings out the natural orange flavoring</span></p><p style="color: #5c5c5c;"><b>3. Do you go out for coffee/tea with friends? Ever enjoy a real tea room or a tea party?</b></p><p><span style="color: red;">I would love to go out with coffee/tea with friends, seems everybody is too busy now days to get together unless its with the women from church. I have never been to a real tea room or party, however I think it would be fantastic to go and be able to wear the fancy dresses, and hats.</span></p><p style="color: #5c5c5c;"><b>4. If you could design a coffee shop or even a coffee/tea station in your home, what would it be like?</b></p><p><span style="color: red;">I just use my coffee pot, I just recently bought a tea maker (it works great) however there is something about still making it on the stove. I am a plain jane type person so a few coffee cups nothing fancy would be just fine with me.</span></p><p style="color: #5c5c5c;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #5c5c5c; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-0TXUeb7XLAMCAcpAyWK7QPpoDW9b1wfwMhwVnwJC9vQMQhqBkQ6dVJ50DtTI7nMWEj42EygpIhSif3ViSd9cf9jkDXumg8umSDts56rNxAoRaTMUY7AFmUje1IWkb40H1e6ZWEIgAZmrPkX0BfoJERt4O8nRXlFh5Ax3Pyp_M8N1Xv6Zd11z7WxqkA/s230/coffee.png" style="color: #d52c1f; font-family: "Fredericka the Great"; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="219" data-original-width="230" height="123" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-0TXUeb7XLAMCAcpAyWK7QPpoDW9b1wfwMhwVnwJC9vQMQhqBkQ6dVJ50DtTI7nMWEj42EygpIhSif3ViSd9cf9jkDXumg8umSDts56rNxAoRaTMUY7AFmUje1IWkb40H1e6ZWEIgAZmrPkX0BfoJERt4O8nRXlFh5Ax3Pyp_M8N1Xv6Zd11z7WxqkA/w130-h123/coffee.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(242, 242, 242); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="130" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #5c5c5c; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #5c5c5c; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #5c5c5c; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #5c5c5c; text-align: center;">Just click the link here if you want to JOIN <a href="http://tuesdaysplace.blogspot.com/2022/06/coffee-tea.html" style="color: #b918d5; text-decoration-line: none;">Coffee and Tea</a></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-48680852927578583142022-06-07T14:33:00.002-05:002022-06-07T14:33:26.003-05:00Sunday Findings<p> </p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">Sunday Findings</h3><div class="post-header" style="background-color: white; color: #b918d5; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5331745055232874027" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 528px;"><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjljebycvCvbHBs0xcFhebEkKgbpW_QX7kQtPRBQfr1GcdhbnMDKVYsEuZnPf3TBUYaUkOsd4BCG5cBiwZIMPYdozne62mtiUkTVH1oj-pc6_G7zdpe3N-_phK8XSDgwrY8uh20uHNNEymecsyf8cPg0PxmCA_ndt2QYQB66CRR7gxYlIv_DCAFWZgS/s1620/DSC_2517.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1620" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjljebycvCvbHBs0xcFhebEkKgbpW_QX7kQtPRBQfr1GcdhbnMDKVYsEuZnPf3TBUYaUkOsd4BCG5cBiwZIMPYdozne62mtiUkTVH1oj-pc6_G7zdpe3N-_phK8XSDgwrY8uh20uHNNEymecsyf8cPg0PxmCA_ndt2QYQB66CRR7gxYlIv_DCAFWZgS/s320/DSC_2517.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>the red clover is so pretty it is just now starting to bloom.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7_U630yJP5votq88W6KL35D1b1DSclCwfUBo11slO51qlVibxnzsFOFIAqWYmY5YUyix211a4cx-QnCCkut2HSelFXJnvBNTQMj2FtIZklAPWnRQhM6Pjs3YcfoDUwR9Uhj9dXithWGd-jv_Y47qLm0wLiz79vH8aZ3ePbauTk5YB_FQW9ZHKPGSO/s1620/DSC_2511.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1620" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7_U630yJP5votq88W6KL35D1b1DSclCwfUBo11slO51qlVibxnzsFOFIAqWYmY5YUyix211a4cx-QnCCkut2HSelFXJnvBNTQMj2FtIZklAPWnRQhM6Pjs3YcfoDUwR9Uhj9dXithWGd-jv_Y47qLm0wLiz79vH8aZ3ePbauTk5YB_FQW9ZHKPGSO/s320/DSC_2511.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>even dandelions make for a pretty picture, oh how I loved blowing these as a kid.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKmZMpNXRQybJcEoXbbGAqHMBEH9cAD2uMcD6ruRsBvJpC98z4m1HpWenBgifNSQn5V5s7urMwLTOcU79sQmwbTuigQd1ysVFsJ4BQLXEjRK2Iu2W91BuU9tJdKSB43I1QnwRK8_X1mYgd5FUhvAL_hIg6QXD4TdIVprZ7k7FiczkQJjOMfp5F7t-1/s1620/DSC_2512.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1620" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKmZMpNXRQybJcEoXbbGAqHMBEH9cAD2uMcD6ruRsBvJpC98z4m1HpWenBgifNSQn5V5s7urMwLTOcU79sQmwbTuigQd1ysVFsJ4BQLXEjRK2Iu2W91BuU9tJdKSB43I1QnwRK8_X1mYgd5FUhvAL_hIg6QXD4TdIVprZ7k7FiczkQJjOMfp5F7t-1/s320/DSC_2512.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>The black eyed Susans are starting to bloom out these are one of my favorite flowers. <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZHS56lnInj6hZdJ3H0QSVRON_URdKDGYVvVBxv_38GJsYO-nYF0kYofLAmYbmeMWP8ARKVeYNMBwCftDR3Xh9LPq-_qQhEjLyIEwKZVeZOrRRTC6VFPcZF_Hoo3AGyflXEo3DRovUPM58AIvMuZFDV8BjS3p4LuQXvdo4DBf3pkXcfoxVi0DCs-mS/s1620/DSC_2515.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1620" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZHS56lnInj6hZdJ3H0QSVRON_URdKDGYVvVBxv_38GJsYO-nYF0kYofLAmYbmeMWP8ARKVeYNMBwCftDR3Xh9LPq-_qQhEjLyIEwKZVeZOrRRTC6VFPcZF_Hoo3AGyflXEo3DRovUPM58AIvMuZFDV8BjS3p4LuQXvdo4DBf3pkXcfoxVi0DCs-mS/s320/DSC_2515.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>Fleabane daisies aren't they just the cutest little things you have ever seen. I love any flowers related to daisies they are truly my favorites.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFciwRR6gz_N21DkTdEtyM4EsSfRRhwsyqSXfmODf01LT9QTwgYWTNRiMBgGzGlEApb74VUekY06ld8aTHFWbs7bw6SwhoDNcsw1UhgmweKWR1GwFYRsBjieCl3wUPitYbb1J6_jA6xJVhtLqFAduTK5l2GK-8Hbv7J467NhBF2Vq1kHyvLGCFo_7u/s1620/DSC_2516.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1620" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFciwRR6gz_N21DkTdEtyM4EsSfRRhwsyqSXfmODf01LT9QTwgYWTNRiMBgGzGlEApb74VUekY06ld8aTHFWbs7bw6SwhoDNcsw1UhgmweKWR1GwFYRsBjieCl3wUPitYbb1J6_jA6xJVhtLqFAduTK5l2GK-8Hbv7J467NhBF2Vq1kHyvLGCFo_7u/s320/DSC_2516.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>This is a wild carrot they are in full bloom we call them Queen Anne's lace. <p></p><p>All these beauties are growing in the yard what a beautiful finding today<br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT0nAfYJky8E_b7iH1XhVy6OrgCATd11A2QM6d1vwW9PfGBps5j6CXrI3U5nlmoxf5XOf1fAJ-s9uE4-ne_Z810O8bm8jgVVJjQGkGpTZyFRqmuDLxBjkkecDd0AfTKvtkfiF9geyn2IaI7V324pZI4zqb_zaKuid-LGoPmq4xirjjsChQzdreVvyU/s1620/DSC_2520.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #ec1fec; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1620" data-original-width="1080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT0nAfYJky8E_b7iH1XhVy6OrgCATd11A2QM6d1vwW9PfGBps5j6CXrI3U5nlmoxf5XOf1fAJ-s9uE4-ne_Z810O8bm8jgVVJjQGkGpTZyFRqmuDLxBjkkecDd0AfTKvtkfiF9geyn2IaI7V324pZI4zqb_zaKuid-LGoPmq4xirjjsChQzdreVvyU/s320/DSC_2520.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="213" /></a></div>last but not least. I love old Glory (no it isn't on the ground) I fastened it to my 7" shepherd's hook it is about 2 foot off the ground. The old lantern is from WW11. The reason my flag got fastened to the hook, the flag holder got ripped off from where it was nailed during one of the windstorms and the pole severally got bent. <p></p><p><br /> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>what do you find in God's beauty? </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;">Sunday, June 05</span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/job/19-25.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;">Job 19:25</a></span><span class="verse" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 3px;">25</span> I know that my redeemer lives, and that in the end he will stand on the earth.</span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-64251157884721848882022-06-07T14:32:00.000-05:002022-06-07T14:32:16.178-05:00Saying Goodbye<p> </p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">saying good bye</h3><div class="post-header" style="color: #b918d5; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-3344864236179985181" itemprop="description articleBody" style="font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 528px;"><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"></p><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnaQB_yPPjlz_IavZFk7MdFAS9bDiv7NkroP99XYJxSR4UIaH8RDjorcEnUNm0qJeRd5dEMCcQPeehQqTIgzHL5iXjLZj1yHuUir83JpMqfonYhZlvCQTnOXgGklzcRtF5KLeUoAqAOPPKBs4IgNSwTGYoCdpNz_bJ6uISg4I9Araz4zLSR_q0K6jW/s4032/20220602_151335.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnaQB_yPPjlz_IavZFk7MdFAS9bDiv7NkroP99XYJxSR4UIaH8RDjorcEnUNm0qJeRd5dEMCcQPeehQqTIgzHL5iXjLZj1yHuUir83JpMqfonYhZlvCQTnOXgGklzcRtF5KLeUoAqAOPPKBs4IgNSwTGYoCdpNz_bJ6uISg4I9Araz4zLSR_q0K6jW/s320/20220602_151335.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;" /><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIksXNTahIGkT6ERkUYSXoHRK9fPT2RBgLRm6XajKIscvCF39nYKIgkleoev-a7dJIu4dLHqlwYOwtbgPtc1MjEjZTmonme8WDt6Pn3TxLcw8l-Nzy_KV3sjA6QkdbvJZUkr6P7ivjZ3zZkGNvv_a08gsdoEE8Udj7FwrBSn9g5i7P5eRaQnxXihCd/s4032/20220602_163757.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIksXNTahIGkT6ERkUYSXoHRK9fPT2RBgLRm6XajKIscvCF39nYKIgkleoev-a7dJIu4dLHqlwYOwtbgPtc1MjEjZTmonme8WDt6Pn3TxLcw8l-Nzy_KV3sjA6QkdbvJZUkr6P7ivjZ3zZkGNvv_a08gsdoEE8Udj7FwrBSn9g5i7P5eRaQnxXihCd/s320/20220602_163757.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="240" /></a></div><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;">Today my cousins and I said our goodbyes to our uncle and *the one in flowers and taller boy in back* dad He was a proud veteran. It's not goodbye it is I will see you later when we get to heaven</span><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;">Uncle Roy was the missing link, the chain is completed as he is reunited with his parents, siblings (his twin, my dad) and his beautiful wife of 67 years. This has me hard, as it hit close to home being my dad's twin. Although, he is not with us here on earth I truly know he will be watching over all of us. Me I will be double protected my dad has always been my guardian angel so now I have 2.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;">The military honor part was very emotional as Gary was also a veteran.</p><div><br /></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-64718792158689214592022-06-07T14:31:00.000-05:002022-06-07T14:31:14.068-05:00Thankful Thursday<p> </p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">Thankful Thursday</h3><div class="post-header" style="background-color: white; color: #b918d5; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-7211796136383091611" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 528px;"><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjSN9bQf_KkTLC-s7RCXRnYs_WYixR2B12UXtQGKXO9Hnqn9CY041USn0_zt83MVYZb3yXHDxfmmJuccpD-86JAI8oj_S3UCBZoCG_xm39CZBtMl3xbJouNv1y2REeXposI4n3UsE_39fuqaHn8I8zZPhnTRDo99bJ_3ERyaJ4SGKkzV1Hjg5gqTgR_" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" data-original-height="251" data-original-width="201" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjSN9bQf_KkTLC-s7RCXRnYs_WYixR2B12UXtQGKXO9Hnqn9CY041USn0_zt83MVYZb3yXHDxfmmJuccpD-86JAI8oj_S3UCBZoCG_xm39CZBtMl3xbJouNv1y2REeXposI4n3UsE_39fuqaHn8I8zZPhnTRDo99bJ_3ERyaJ4SGKkzV1Hjg5gqTgR_" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="192" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Happy Thursday hope everybody is having a great week.</p><p>I am thankful today for much needed rain, but now it needs to stop over 15" over the last 3 weeks.</p><p>my salvation and that God never gives up on us </p><p>cooler temps</p><p>food in the cabinets</p><p>friends</p><p>family</p><p>dependable vehicles</p><p>had a great birthday with alot of cards from the women at church</p><p>PLEASE PRAY </p><p>for our country </p><p>for my family as we lost an uncle, the last of my dads' siblings but not only that he was my dad's twin so this has hit a little closer to home. I am thankful that he didn't suffer too long only a few short months after the diagnostic of brain cancer. This was the 24 death since the loss of my husband in March of 2021.</p><p>Also, my parents home went on the auction Tuesday my brother and I didn't really handle that too well but was better all the way around since mom n dads house was built in the late 50s and needed a lot of work.</p><p>My family that will be traveling from out of state to attend the funeral. As well as myself and brothers family. </p><p>Thank you for stopping by and hope you have a blessed week</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;">Thursday, May 26</span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/proverbs/23-25.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;">Proverbs 23:25</a></span><span class="verse" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 3px;">25</span> May your father and mother rejoice; may she who gave you birth be joyful!</span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-91123392511371752982022-06-07T14:30:00.000-05:002022-06-07T14:30:07.878-05:00Gone but never forgotten<p> </p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">Gone but never forgotten</h3><div class="post-header" style="color: #b918d5; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-1109664676919703992" itemprop="description articleBody" style="font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 528px;"><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"> The Lord called you home May 23, 2022. He needed you there to be reunited with your bride of 67 years, and with your twin (my daddy). I am so grateful that we got to visit you last Tuesday and that you were still in the health and that we had a GREAT day of visiting and remembering. </p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;">I am truly sorry that you had to suffer cancer, but thankfully you didn't suffer but a few short months.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;">you were the last of 9 siblings to remain, and guessing the reasoning was to make sure we would all be ok.</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEMTIwTF6tp4CVyTWRFAiVlHT05srKnIwneytqgtZvog5Ff_cKt8U-tj6xBcFWxtRzTWCoQtXU5rfNdAMX5GsA12W0HqA6KvxaaERO9qFcpHidzAsWAMX9mPxVJWVmdgHTAuIcFmLu55eddtpQcnEc4PBpUDHUE8zUZLASaXlmZ7JxWKY2Hq2IsGOq/s960/FB_IMG_1608043652619.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="638" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEMTIwTF6tp4CVyTWRFAiVlHT05srKnIwneytqgtZvog5Ff_cKt8U-tj6xBcFWxtRzTWCoQtXU5rfNdAMX5GsA12W0HqA6KvxaaERO9qFcpHidzAsWAMX9mPxVJWVmdgHTAuIcFmLu55eddtpQcnEc4PBpUDHUE8zUZLASaXlmZ7JxWKY2Hq2IsGOq/s320/FB_IMG_1608043652619.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="213" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;">This is the last 3 remaining kids of 9</span><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;">seated is daddy (this was on his and moms 60th anniversary) along with a double anniversary for Uncle Roy and Aunt Wanda (he is in the blue blazer and reddish shirt)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;">Daddy is seated as he wasn't feeling the best, he passed Aug 21, 2015. Dad was 1 month shy of being 83</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;">Uncle James (in the brown blazer) He was 95 when the Lord called him home on Easter Sunday of 2020. He passed from natural causes he had a good life.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;">Uncle Roy in the blue was daddy's twin. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;">All 3 were veterans Uncle James WWII, Daddy Korean War, Uncle Roy Korean, Vietnam, forgive me drew a blank, but even had a tour with the Persian Gulf war in the early 1990's. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;">Uncle Roy, you were my closest uncle, I am guessing because of you and dad, however I truly miss you and I am thankful you're at peace now. I have all of the memories and thank you for those. RIP until we meet again. You were the open link to your 8 siblings now the link is complete again with them and your parents. Please Give MOM and DAD a big hug for me.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;">On a side note: Uncle Roy got a mini urn of daddy's ashes; they will be laid in his arms so they can be together again, and his military honor flag will be placed on his heart, he earned it and wanted it to remain with him. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;">My heart is saddened and joyful at the same time, tears are rolling down my face as I am typing. I am in the process of writing a poem to read at his funeral.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;">please say some prayers for his 2 kids, as well as MANY nieces and nephews who all loved him dearly.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;">Monday, May 23</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/1-corinthians/2-12.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none;">1 Corinthians 2:12</a></span><span class="verse" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 3px;">12</span> What we have received is not the spirit of the world, but the Spirit who is from God, so that we may understand what God has freely given us.</span></div><div><span class="verse" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; outline: 0px !important;"><br /></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-36233701137978624882022-06-07T14:28:00.001-05:002022-06-07T14:28:21.348-05:00Birthday Photos<p> </p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">Birthday photos</h3><div class="post-header" style="background-color: white; color: #b918d5; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-724016471301030634" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 528px;"><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJGfBaJYYZNuUt1zdzG8TghRabwV63v472rmEraVGTPoL-NE2AV8-NnJ7WSZ3k1oJ3QMPgSemAgvWgmxG0kLvl82_sl7T3bi_cuxS6lDR_yPoxvjzGYyreLo3WLgIkdaY1ZSCWK_CHzBwc1_gi7rMMexVQw5jQ4fghZzdMsRUBnnzTbV1Iu9XtN2bE/s4912/20220522_204615.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4912" data-original-width="2384" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJGfBaJYYZNuUt1zdzG8TghRabwV63v472rmEraVGTPoL-NE2AV8-NnJ7WSZ3k1oJ3QMPgSemAgvWgmxG0kLvl82_sl7T3bi_cuxS6lDR_yPoxvjzGYyreLo3WLgIkdaY1ZSCWK_CHzBwc1_gi7rMMexVQw5jQ4fghZzdMsRUBnnzTbV1Iu9XtN2bE/s320/20220522_204615.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="155" /></a></div>Sunday was my 55th birthday was a very relaxing day. Went to eat at Rib Crib (being on Sunday the German restaurants were not opened), then milkshake from Braum's Afterwards went out to the lake for a little bit, now mind you it was 60 degrees dreary rainy and cloudy. <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPrjn8hHNkYi1fGYIUl40v4YTcfdPDyWeA8HnJLH2d8DHQjvoessZCCUPUX4jMAyGIAJQE5-leUGGEAsFwcYtlP5zqhzFlP4jTikJaaABzhndzsIOL1Axv86KHZ5iMgOfm5DRyOrhzF5z0LO6NPRhepRurMMVG0_67i6DjbtIRdK7MTlxX4szI3iMx/s4032/20220522_150410.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPrjn8hHNkYi1fGYIUl40v4YTcfdPDyWeA8HnJLH2d8DHQjvoessZCCUPUX4jMAyGIAJQE5-leUGGEAsFwcYtlP5zqhzFlP4jTikJaaABzhndzsIOL1Axv86KHZ5iMgOfm5DRyOrhzF5z0LO6NPRhepRurMMVG0_67i6DjbtIRdK7MTlxX4szI3iMx/s320/20220522_150410.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="240" /></a></div>found this pretty little Spidrwort I love the color<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhupDMYgTrN831DNe-0GKQqOGXbEtqPvFPI0Mk-WFoHxj9BxU8l3XLLG5e1wzZuezXOJWfZy-cNBIN1QxKvEx9yyK0PQUIydrkoUp0Vv2dAPzNL1UbxBOBsB3eBbvzymhj0exJKHWBa2lWoKi5hw9Q7UUwrM3x-yMsybtfer1JQ5S-zKxGhJRkfGS-9/s4032/20220522_151321.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhupDMYgTrN831DNe-0GKQqOGXbEtqPvFPI0Mk-WFoHxj9BxU8l3XLLG5e1wzZuezXOJWfZy-cNBIN1QxKvEx9yyK0PQUIydrkoUp0Vv2dAPzNL1UbxBOBsB3eBbvzymhj0exJKHWBa2lWoKi5hw9Q7UUwrM3x-yMsybtfer1JQ5S-zKxGhJRkfGS-9/s320/20220522_151321.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="240" /></a></div>these little daisies *one of my favorites* were just asking me to take a picture of them.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnUVYzzTCqoksGnNw7zI4pdnm9ntP0qnCP4U2YtO5X9vGhh3g-OteaT7yGbhs0JSaHk_3HFBlf2dJkI12K2tCGEcAqApUbKqc4zxA2wbS_gIEbgkYdN2FDHEXRmEiE2DNfcG35MMht6YEr6RO8GqEhrlz0_aDkkbUJ3lpKxcUigSAiQ79L0kreefdj/s4032/20220522_150447.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnUVYzzTCqoksGnNw7zI4pdnm9ntP0qnCP4U2YtO5X9vGhh3g-OteaT7yGbhs0JSaHk_3HFBlf2dJkI12K2tCGEcAqApUbKqc4zxA2wbS_gIEbgkYdN2FDHEXRmEiE2DNfcG35MMht6YEr6RO8GqEhrlz0_aDkkbUJ3lpKxcUigSAiQ79L0kreefdj/s320/20220522_150447.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="240" /></a></div>I am always looking at the trees for something cool, and here it is, love how the algae and stuff grows on the trees<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFMcHFf4L81_imo57UhV9wE_TbxMS68EUsPIe-YxEpds7uJNIZzd774i3tN1guYuBF2EAaYgCFypc6GEDESfXYl6Vco34WJQ_qvTM9YDpW2e9fuSOsGRj9pgUKwtFxPyWhZk7iO6y0PWOlGNEHfRRmoL4GCQpx6gQVwIm7AsoCthRW0hCFjcHTheRC/s4000/20220522_151126.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #b918d5; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFMcHFf4L81_imo57UhV9wE_TbxMS68EUsPIe-YxEpds7uJNIZzd774i3tN1guYuBF2EAaYgCFypc6GEDESfXYl6Vco34WJQ_qvTM9YDpW2e9fuSOsGRj9pgUKwtFxPyWhZk7iO6y0PWOlGNEHfRRmoL4GCQpx6gQVwIm7AsoCthRW0hCFjcHTheRC/s320/20220522_151126.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>this is the lake, Claremore OK where they found the 9.5 male alligator. If you want to read about it you can google alligator at Claremore OK. <p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p> <span style="color: #ff00fe;"> <span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;">Sunday, May 22</span></span></p><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/romans/5-5.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #b918d5; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Romans 5:5</span></a></span><p><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 700; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 3px;">5</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px;">And hope does not put us to shame, because God’s love has been poured out into our hearts through the Holy Spirit, who has been given to us.</span> </span><br /> </p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-37148858195937781102022-05-18T20:46:00.004-05:002022-05-18T20:46:58.299-05:00Wordless Wednesday <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqog2eLUFmzmd4q-0pu1_8pGJs_PkmWLO-ZhPJq-dDrpuw1t1i8lbwbd3_zjpL0WQHY-fN9wmZXAzf9YM6wHC5OtX-OC2hAgPK9P8HjMFVkVGMYTy0MTXmf3QFSu78NJh4VDMLNdrvQnJNB4HZ_ysqXJtankfsB2sXp3SoiUwfq1AKIvos0BUxNyrv/s4032/20220515_194953.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqog2eLUFmzmd4q-0pu1_8pGJs_PkmWLO-ZhPJq-dDrpuw1t1i8lbwbd3_zjpL0WQHY-fN9wmZXAzf9YM6wHC5OtX-OC2hAgPK9P8HjMFVkVGMYTy0MTXmf3QFSu78NJh4VDMLNdrvQnJNB4HZ_ysqXJtankfsB2sXp3SoiUwfq1AKIvos0BUxNyrv/s320/20220515_194953.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><h3 aria-label="Block: Heading" aria-multiline="true" class="block-editor-rich-text__editable block-editor-block-list__block wp-block is-selected wp-block-heading rich-text" data-block="642ffbe8-2c6c-4eab-9bb1-2744ac499600" data-title="Heading" data-type="core/heading" id="block-642ffbe8-2c6c-4eab-9bb1-2744ac499600" role="document" style="background-color: white; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: revert; font-weight: revert; line-height: revert; margin-bottom: revert; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: revert; max-width: 840px; min-width: 1px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; white-space: pre-wrap;" tabindex="0"><br /></h3><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;">Wednesday, May 18</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/acts/1-8.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;">Acts 1:8</span></span></a></span><span class="verse" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 3px;">8</span> But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit comes on you; and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth.”</span></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-61868971199345373682022-05-12T11:31:00.000-05:002022-05-12T12:42:24.259-05:00Bible Journaling and Thankful Thursday<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhih5cmcjmxpvojLAKV92gpGKEt5tFk-dsZUra7xI7lOfKWA9fWMebWj7smTs_5eZQtr6CXr-EJs_j7N8na8wZnv6MtQcv4x95Uw7neTAbAuSn_MPs0dc0vpEVJWRyizvvezJEyhBtQCY2_KOBG0bR-dt5fEvdDqT1cNQw8-WE5BfIUCVwbZBQG3pQ8/s4032/20220503_131004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhih5cmcjmxpvojLAKV92gpGKEt5tFk-dsZUra7xI7lOfKWA9fWMebWj7smTs_5eZQtr6CXr-EJs_j7N8na8wZnv6MtQcv4x95Uw7neTAbAuSn_MPs0dc0vpEVJWRyizvvezJEyhBtQCY2_KOBG0bR-dt5fEvdDqT1cNQw8-WE5BfIUCVwbZBQG3pQ8/s320/20220503_131004.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;">I started doing bible journaling on a spiral notebook as I did not have a journaling bible. I now have one and scared I am going to mess it up. </span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">These 2 entries were (are) some of my favorites so far</span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfPPwhS1FrUs0nub-pydd3Gy6Rc4iQTLUFIZBzGsN3to0LSN6o7AxsDM8XmOBXsRH3QAVcFxLbqN8x9NhVJKjv__J-bK2dIrHZhL16gmx2BXlDD42afc3zXkeRvXNl6Rv41mELB1CbdIzBEUmH5OcTb5dxkfM_j7wI0vBRLOa40kaxYPlE0K4h7RoV/s4032/20220503_130952.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfPPwhS1FrUs0nub-pydd3Gy6Rc4iQTLUFIZBzGsN3to0LSN6o7AxsDM8XmOBXsRH3QAVcFxLbqN8x9NhVJKjv__J-bK2dIrHZhL16gmx2BXlDD42afc3zXkeRvXNl6Rv41mELB1CbdIzBEUmH5OcTb5dxkfM_j7wI0vBRLOa40kaxYPlE0K4h7RoV/s320/20220503_130952.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>T<span style="font-size: medium;">oday being Thankful Thursday, one of my favorite days to blog</span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Today I am thankful for free workshop on bible journaling </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">my salvation</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">family</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">friends</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">a/c for the warm weather</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">food </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">bills paid until next month</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">please join me in prayer </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">for my long time friend (beverly) her husband (keith) has eshopigcal cancer</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">my uncle (dads twin) just finished cancer treatment hes almost 90 so please pray that it stays away.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">our country </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">lost souls</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">I hope each of you have a blessed weekend<br /> </span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-12732716187107944202022-05-08T19:30:00.000-05:002022-05-12T12:42:24.443-05:00Happy Mothers day in Heaven MOMa<p> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgPnjTZhF2TM3PA9uPJAwdA6wET421XRpKorFxmWo4iZCjjaltElxkAsI0XO1yOxyybf0CkA1GVacwvXxsvrzBClM185hAWTg12fvMjJYlPqakBIfHB5zizu4sJ-v4XCtobG_9glP83tCuvLUjiJSvHBiMS7K8_z3tXxsiN2Rj5l9JqNLcxvolaG7zk" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="400" data-original-width="281" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgPnjTZhF2TM3PA9uPJAwdA6wET421XRpKorFxmWo4iZCjjaltElxkAsI0XO1yOxyybf0CkA1GVacwvXxsvrzBClM185hAWTg12fvMjJYlPqakBIfHB5zizu4sJ-v4XCtobG_9glP83tCuvLUjiJSvHBiMS7K8_z3tXxsiN2Rj5l9JqNLcxvolaG7zk=w282-h400" width="282" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjUmDOYhaZTExXJH8KeCQ4dvhW8dWBgRPZxh_02rL4UwRVFzR4LScA89wg_j86afTsp6bEyGSS02qEul8Y2o6zr3L1pFatv9qk9cyx9R3Tclrx6VXP8nzywf7tRVo3EWtEPjslvxFj2lno8o1nKrq1t5SKzLur-fnrRyovdJRdUfSiIWLYb15ghIFiN" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="225" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjUmDOYhaZTExXJH8KeCQ4dvhW8dWBgRPZxh_02rL4UwRVFzR4LScA89wg_j86afTsp6bEyGSS02qEul8Y2o6zr3L1pFatv9qk9cyx9R3Tclrx6VXP8nzywf7tRVo3EWtEPjslvxFj2lno8o1nKrq1t5SKzLur-fnrRyovdJRdUfSiIWLYb15ghIFiN" width="240" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Happy Mother's Day in Heaven Moma, I love and miss you so much. So hard to believe it has been almost 10 months since leaving your earthly home, the smile on your face as you left us was priceless and I knew you ran into Jesus' and Daddy's loving arms. RIP mom till we meet again</p><p>PS I hope you like the pretty flowers I put out for you. See you again soon.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-78280251531720068002022-05-04T18:42:00.000-05:002022-05-12T12:42:24.564-05:00A to Z Challenge Reflection<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcgYOvSBFn_HPBC-cEg6ZKyLFi9E9lHZTxwfD51nXStjmeouM4_Y4hhVe1T-2XREAm2YolLob3UfdbL01zqXTjF_GkmP-HmcBHVpsOkpAamlGUFAiCFqwO06GKVxNZezyVR5KB3Wsrj-5l8TQGOuhITOXbDxL32JzLMSod5aen_wPRIRUdtuNS1dMf/s320/2022-Reflection.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="152" data-original-width="320" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcgYOvSBFn_HPBC-cEg6ZKyLFi9E9lHZTxwfD51nXStjmeouM4_Y4hhVe1T-2XREAm2YolLob3UfdbL01zqXTjF_GkmP-HmcBHVpsOkpAamlGUFAiCFqwO06GKVxNZezyVR5KB3Wsrj-5l8TQGOuhITOXbDxL32JzLMSod5aen_wPRIRUdtuNS1dMf/s1600/2022-Reflection.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>I FINISHED <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">After going the whole month with the challenge and completing on TIME this is the first year that I did not get behind.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I did learn a lot about vintage and newer transportation. Wikipedia was my friend who helped me tremendously.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I would like to thank the A to Z team for keeping us motivated </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">looking forward to 23</span></div><br /><p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-60056967179056953512022-04-30T12:53:00.000-05:002022-05-12T12:42:24.683-05:00A to Z Challenge Z is for Zamboni<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5YuvRE9aMJi2VmH3jex8VnSQ5KyG3YmuUkshTgDTqqne8XrGs58--HBDXBkFj7dNQpkQKrspH74k1UQYZNXlMSuof4YqyCwnqg5HOys0Oykd3Z04PHi-Erj7fYd-mpAv4Z8Xbm0Fy761lm383lehsnX8tQsFrXRDD12hRI7n7Fsn8VbojRxwmRwZN/s201/2022-ZZZ.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="201" data-original-width="201" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5YuvRE9aMJi2VmH3jex8VnSQ5KyG3YmuUkshTgDTqqne8XrGs58--HBDXBkFj7dNQpkQKrspH74k1UQYZNXlMSuof4YqyCwnqg5HOys0Oykd3Z04PHi-Erj7fYd-mpAv4Z8Xbm0Fy761lm383lehsnX8tQsFrXRDD12hRI7n7Fsn8VbojRxwmRwZN/s1600/2022-ZZZ.jpg" width="201" /></a></div>Z is for Zamboni taken from Wikipedia only for the use of my blog. <p></p><p>So hard to believe we are at the end of the challenge.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Zamboni Company</span></span></p><div class="vector-body" id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); line-height: 1.6; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="font-size: 12.88px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></div><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;"></div><div id="contentSub2" style="font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;"></div><div id="jump-to-nav"></div><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_Company#mw-head" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: block; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute !important; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Jump to navigation</span></a><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_Company#searchInput" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: block; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute !important; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Jump to search</span></a><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox vcard" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 15.4px; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Frank J. Zamboni & Company, Inc.</span></caption><tbody><tr><td class="infobox-image logo" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zamboni_Company_logo.png" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="Zamboni Company logo.png" data-file-height="45" data-file-width="460" decoding="async" height="17" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zamboni_Company_logo.png/175px-Zamboni_Company_logo.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zamboni_Company_logo.png/263px-Zamboni_Company_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zamboni_Company_logo.png/350px-Zamboni_Company_logo.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="175" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Type</span></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privately_held_company" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Privately held company"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Private</span></a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Founded</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1950<span class="noprint">; 72 years ago</span></span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Founder</span></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zamboni" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Frank Zamboni"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Frank Zamboni</span></a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Headquarters</span></th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount,_California" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paramount, California">Paramount</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="California">California</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States">U.S.A</a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.1em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Area served</span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Worldwide</span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.1em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Key people</span></div></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Richard F. Zamboni (Chairman and President)</span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Website</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="http://www.zamboni.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?48e54") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Official website</span></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><b>Frank J. Zamboni & Company</b> is an American manufacturer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_resurfacer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ice resurfacer">ice resurfacing</a> equipment based in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount,_California" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paramount, California">Paramount, California</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zamboni" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Frank Zamboni">Frank J. Zamboni</a> developed the first ice resurfacing machine in 1949, and started the Zamboni Company in 1950. <b>Zamboni</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none !important;" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> is an internationally <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_trademark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Registered trademark">registered trademark</a>.</span></p><div aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" class="toc" id="toc" role="navigation" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: table; font-size: 13.3px; padding: 7px;"><input class="toctogglecheckbox" id="toctogglecheckbox" role="button" style="display: none; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; z-index: -1;" type="checkbox" /><div class="toctitle" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 13.3px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan" style="font-size: 12.502px;"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="cursor: pointer;"></label></span></span></div><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_Company#History" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_Company#Use_of_%22Zamboni%22_brand_name" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Use of "Zamboni" brand name</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_Company#In_popular_culture" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">In popular culture</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_Company#References" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></span></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zamboni_Company&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Brown_ice_resurfacer.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2000" data-file-width="3000" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Brown_ice_resurfacer.jpg/220px-The_Brown_ice_resurfacer.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Brown_ice_resurfacer.jpg/330px-The_Brown_ice_resurfacer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Brown_ice_resurfacer.jpg/440px-The_Brown_ice_resurfacer.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Brown_ice_resurfacer.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">A Zamboni brand ice resurfacer clears the rink at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meehan_Auditorium" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Meehan Auditorium">Meehan Auditorium</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>.</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The first ice-resurfacer was the brainchild of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zamboni" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Frank Zamboni">Frank J. Zamboni</a>, who was originally in the refrigeration business. He provided services to businesses such as dairy farms and produce vendors. Zamboni created a plant for making ice blocks that could be used in refrigeration techniques. As the demand for ice blocks waned, Zamboni looked for another way to capitalize on his expertise with ice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-zamboni0_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_Company#cite_note-zamboni0-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 1939, Zamboni created the Iceland Skating Rink in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount,_California" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paramount, California">Paramount, California</a>. To resurface the skating rink, three or four workers scraped, washed, and squeegeed the ice. Then they added a thin layer of water to make fresh ice. This process was extremely time consuming, and Zamboni wanted to find a more efficient method.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-zamboni2_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_Company#cite_note-zamboni2-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">From 1942 to 1947, Zamboni tried, fruitlessly, to develop a vehicle that could cut down on resurfacing time. In 1947, Zamboni decided on a machine that shaved, washed, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squeegee" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Squeegee">squeegeed</a> the ice. He mounted this machine on an army surplus vehicle chassis. A blade mounted on the machine shaved the ice, which then received a thin layer of water to create a smooth sheet of ice. The prototype had a tank that held the ice shavings, which it carried to the tank via a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_belt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Conveyor belt">conveyor belt</a>. This machine was powered by a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jeep">Jeep</a> engine and transmission. Zamboni abandoned this model in late 1947 because of deficiencies with the blade and handling.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-zamboni2_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_Company#cite_note-zamboni2-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">A new machine used another army surplus vehicle chassis. This machine had four wheel drive and front and back wheel steering. By 1949, "'The Model A Zamboni Ice-Resurfacer' became a working reality."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-zamboni2_2-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_Company#cite_note-zamboni2-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> Further modification to the Model A included the addition of a wash water tank and a cover for the snow-holding tank. The front and back steering feature was removed in favor of front-wheel steering because the machine constantly got wedged against the boards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-zamboni3_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_Company#cite_note-zamboni3-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The Model A did not have the visual appeal of modern ice-resurfacers. A journalist from the Brantford Expositor observed that "[t]he original [Model A] looks like the offspring of a field tractor and a warehouse crate."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_Company#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> In May 1949, Frank Zamboni filed a patent application for the Model A. In 1953, after more than four years, U.S. Patent No. 2,642,679 finally issued. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-zamboni2_2-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_Company#cite_note-zamboni2-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> The first built Model A Zamboni, used for the Iceland rink, is now on permanent display at the still-operating rink.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_Company#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Zamboni's next resurfacer was the Model B. This machine differed significantly from the Model A. Instead of using a Jeep engine and transmission, Zamboni decided to build the necessary parts directly onto a Jeep body.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-zamboni3_3-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_Company#cite_note-zamboni3-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> Zamboni model C was also built on a Jeep body, but with more design changes. Zamboni raised the driver's position for better visibility, and increased snow-holding tank capacity.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">From the late 1950s to 1964, the company made minimal changes to the ice-resurfacer design. Model C to Model F changed only slightly.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-zamboni3_3-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_Company#cite_note-zamboni3-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> The introduction of the HD series in 1964, however, represented a shift in Zamboni ice-resurfacer design. Instead of a conveyor belt moving ice shavings into the snow-holding tank, a vertical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_conveyor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Screw conveyor">auger</a> system did the task. Along with the vertical auger, the new model had a new hydraulic snow-dumping system. This meant that drivers no longer had to shovel the ice shavings out of the holding tank. This design has been the industry standard ever since.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_Company#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span id="Use_of_.22Zamboni.22_brand_name"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Use_of_"Zamboni"_brand_name">Use of "Zamboni" brand name</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zamboni_Company&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Use of "Zamboni" brand name">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Frank J. Zamboni & Co. has taken a strong stance against its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_dilution" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trademark dilution">trademark dilution</a>, the <i>Zamboni</i> name being used as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genericized_trademark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Genericized trademark">genericized trademark</a> for ice resurfacers. On March 2, 1964, Frank J. Zamboni & Co. applied for its first trademark, which was granted on May 4, 1965. This registration (Reg. No. 789,009) is for the mark "Zamboni" used in connection with "ice resurfacing machines and dump attachments therefor." Frank J. Zamboni & Co. owns several other trademark registrations covering the Zamboni mark in relation to various other goods including toys and clothing.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">There is a musical group by the name of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zambonis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Zambonis">The Zambonis</a> (who write hockey-themed songs) which they use under the terms of a licensing agreement from the Zamboni corporation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_Company#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> Another band, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Man_Advantage" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Two Man Advantage">Two Man Advantage</a>, was sent a cease-and-desist letter in 2004 involving its song, "Zamboni Driving Maniac", with the company claiming it "implies an unsafe activity."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_Company#cite_note-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zamboni_Company&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">From 1980 until the strip's end, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Schulz" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charles Schulz">Charles Schulz</a> often included references to Zamboni in his <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peanuts">Peanuts</a></i> comic strip. It was also mentioned by name in the TV special <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27s_a_Good_Skate,_Charlie_Brown" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="She's a Good Skate, Charlie Brown">She's a Good Skate, Charlie Brown</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_Company#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_Company#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The Zamboni Company's ice resurfacing machine and Frank Zamboni were honored with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Doodle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a> on 16 January 2013, for Frank Zamboni's 112th birthday. Google provided a playable doodle, where a Zamboni machine can be driven around a rink.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_Company#cite_note-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The video game <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_vs._Zombies" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plants vs. Zombies">Plants vs. Zombies</a></i> has a zombie driving a Zamboni-brand ice resurfacer, called the "Zomboni" in-game. Used with permission from the "Game of the Year" re-release onward.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">A 1989 episode of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheers" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cheers">Cheers</a></i>, entitled "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheers_(season_8)#Episodes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cheers (season 8)">Death Takes a Holiday on Ice</a>", features the off-screen death of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Tortelli" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carla Tortelli">Carla Tortelli</a>'s ice show performing husband, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recurring_characters_in_Cheers#Eddie_LeBec" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of recurring characters in Cheers">Eddie LeBec</a>, who is said to have been run-over by a Zamboni.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 1990, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_Daddies" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gear Daddies">Gear Daddies</a> recorded a song called "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboni_(song)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zamboni (song)">I Wanna Drive the Zamboni</a>" about a person who wanted a job driving the Zamboni at the ice rink.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In the 2014 film <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumb_and_Dumber_To" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dumb and Dumber To">Dumb and Dumber To</a></i>, Harry (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Daniels" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jeff Daniels">Jeff Daniels</a>) and Lloyd (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Carrey" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jim Carrey">Jim Carrey</a>) steal a modified Zamboni-brand ice resurfacer.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The 2021 "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_Me_Kat#Episodes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Call Me Kat">Double Date</a>" episode of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_Me_Kat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Call Me Kat">Call Me Kat</a></i> ends Kat's mother announcing she has set up Kat on a blind date with a Zamboni driver; Kat is intrigued by that skill set.</span></p></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-91983294926566671202022-04-29T14:12:00.000-05:002022-05-12T12:42:24.812-05:00A to Z Challenge Y is for yacht<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisr8GcNYb5qEzssibLNnc__kEa8pZ6ieNIYRR_zqR4jOwHz3TeAC71ueAukjnnZIUUF5xsh0N2r3f0GSz1LtfrD_Fyvz90BqCwYZ1h4V-redvv11gXWfnNyzEO71YX4kYpz5ivRjeUALMUtMKdC6VnUrZUNHhvN6XEGanyJJf2WFdgXdvcqVOQGP78/s201/2022-YYY.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="201" data-original-width="201" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisr8GcNYb5qEzssibLNnc__kEa8pZ6ieNIYRR_zqR4jOwHz3TeAC71ueAukjnnZIUUF5xsh0N2r3f0GSz1LtfrD_Fyvz90BqCwYZ1h4V-redvv11gXWfnNyzEO71YX4kYpz5ivRjeUALMUtMKdC6VnUrZUNHhvN6XEGanyJJf2WFdgXdvcqVOQGP78/s1600/2022-YYY.jpg" width="201" /></a></div>y is for yacht using wikipedia only for the knowledge of my blog<p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #ff00fe; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em;">Yacht</span></p><div class="vector-body" id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); line-height: 1.6; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="font-size: 12.88px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></div><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;"></div><div id="contentSub2" style="font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;"></div><div id="jump-to-nav"></div><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#mw-head" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: block; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Jump to navigation</span></a><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#searchInput" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: block; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Jump to search</span></a><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">For other uses, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht_(disambiguation)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yacht (disambiguation)">Yacht (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Maltese_Falcon_(2906785674).jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="1500" decoding="async" height="176" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Maltese_Falcon_%282906785674%29.jpg/220px-The_Maltese_Falcon_%282906785674%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Maltese_Falcon_%282906785674%29.jpg/330px-The_Maltese_Falcon_%282906785674%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Maltese_Falcon_%282906785674%29.jpg/440px-The_Maltese_Falcon_%282906785674%29.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Maltese_Falcon_(2906785674).jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Maltese Falcon</i> sailing yacht in 2008</span></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Azzam_bei_L%C3%BCrssen.JPG" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="528" data-file-width="1280" decoding="async" height="91" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Azzam_bei_L%C3%BCrssen.JPG/220px-Azzam_bei_L%C3%BCrssen.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Azzam_bei_L%C3%BCrssen.JPG/330px-Azzam_bei_L%C3%BCrssen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Azzam_bei_L%C3%BCrssen.JPG/440px-Azzam_bei_L%C3%BCrssen.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Azzam_bei_L%C3%BCrssen.JPG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superyacht" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Superyacht">superyacht</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzam_(2013_yacht)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Azzam (2013 yacht)">Azzam</a></i>, the largest private yacht by length, as of 2018.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:3_1-0" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:3-1" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">A <b>yacht</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> is a sailing or power vessel used for pleasure, cruising, or racing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:1-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> There is no standard definition, so the term applies to such vessels that have a cabin with amenities that accommodate overnight use. To be termed a <em>yacht</em>, as opposed to a <em>boat</em>, such a pleasure vessel is likely to be at least 33 feet (10 m) in length and may have been judged to have good aesthetic qualities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:3_1-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:3-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The Commercial Yacht Code classifies yachts 79 ft (24 m) and over as <em>large</em>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:4-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> Such yachts typically require a hired crew<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:3_1-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:3-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> and have higher construction standards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:4-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> Further classifications for large yachts are: <em>commercial</em>—carrying no more than 12 passengers, <em>private</em>—solely for the pleasure of the owner and guests, or by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag#At_sea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Flag">flag</a>, the country under which it is registered.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:5_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:5-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superyacht" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Superyacht">superyacht</a> (sometimes <em>megayacht</em>) generally refers to any yacht (sail or power) longer than 131 ft (40 m).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:0-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Racing yachts are designed to emphasize performance over comfort.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> Charter yachts are run as a business for profit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:0-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> As of 2020 there were more than 15,000 yachts of sufficient size to require a professional crew.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup></span></p><div aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" class="toc" id="toc" role="navigation" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: table; font-size: 13.3px; padding: 7px;"><input class="toctogglecheckbox" id="toctogglecheckbox" role="button" style="display: none; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; z-index: -1;" type="checkbox" /><div class="toctitle" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 13.3px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan" style="font-size: 12.502px;"><label class="toctogglelabel" style="cursor: pointer;"></label></span></span></div><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Etymology" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Etymology</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#History" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Sail" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Sail</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Power" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Power</span></span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Steam" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Steam</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Internal_combustion" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Internal combustion</span></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Classification" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Classification</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Construction" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Construction</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Accommodations" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Accommodations</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Systems" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Systems</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Sailing_yachts" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Sailing yachts</span></span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Cruising" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Cruising</span></span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Categories" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7.1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Categories</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Design" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7.1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Design</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Rigs" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7.1.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Rigs</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Gear" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7.1.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Gear</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Engine" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7.1.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Engine</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Racing" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Racing</span></span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Design_features" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7.2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Design features</span></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Motor_yachts" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Motor yachts</span></span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Classification_2" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Classification</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Style" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Style</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Hulls" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Hulls</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#Engines" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Engines</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#See_also" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#References" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#External_links" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">11</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></span></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_van_Strij_-_Het_Jacht_van_de_kamer_Rotterdam.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1076" data-file-width="860" decoding="async" height="275" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Jacob_van_Strij_-_Het_Jacht_van_de_kamer_Rotterdam.jpg/220px-Jacob_van_Strij_-_Het_Jacht_van_de_kamer_Rotterdam.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Jacob_van_Strij_-_Het_Jacht_van_de_kamer_Rotterdam.jpg/330px-Jacob_van_Strij_-_Het_Jacht_van_de_kamer_Rotterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Jacob_van_Strij_-_Het_Jacht_van_de_kamer_Rotterdam.jpg/440px-Jacob_van_Strij_-_Het_Jacht_van_de_kamer_Rotterdam.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_van_Strij_-_Het_Jacht_van_de_kamer_Rotterdam.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">An 18th-century Dutch <i>jacht</i></span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The term, <i>yacht</i>, originates from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> word <i>jacht</i> (pl. <i>jachten</i>, which means "hunt"), and originally referred to light, fast sailing vessels that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> navy used to pursue <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pirate">pirates</a> and other transgressors around and into the shallow waters of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:1-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The history of pleasure boats begins with rowed craft in Pharaonic Egyptian times, and other vessels in the waters of Burma, India, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> and Japan. It described 8th-century Anglo-Saxon royal <i>pleg-scips</i> (play ships) that featured ornamented bows and sterns and which had the capability of cooking on board.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Sail">Sail</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Sail">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:America%27s_Cup_Racing,_1893-Fred_S._Cozzens-IMG_5974.JPG" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3199" data-file-width="4326" decoding="async" height="163" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/America%27s_Cup_Racing%2C_1893-Fred_S._Cozzens-IMG_5974.JPG/220px-America%27s_Cup_Racing%2C_1893-Fred_S._Cozzens-IMG_5974.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/America%27s_Cup_Racing%2C_1893-Fred_S._Cozzens-IMG_5974.JPG/330px-America%27s_Cup_Racing%2C_1893-Fred_S._Cozzens-IMG_5974.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/America%27s_Cup_Racing%2C_1893-Fred_S._Cozzens-IMG_5974.JPG/440px-America%27s_Cup_Racing%2C_1893-Fred_S._Cozzens-IMG_5974.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:America%27s_Cup_Racing,_1893-Fred_S._Cozzens-IMG_5974.JPG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1893 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Cup" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="America's Cup">America's Cup</a> match between <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilant_(yacht)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vigilant (yacht)">Vigilant</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyrie_II" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Valkyrie II">Valkyrie II</a></i></span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The history of sailing yachts begins in Europe in the beginning of the 1600s with the building of a pleasure vessel for the son of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James VI and I">King James I of England</a>. While other monarchs used naval ships for transportation and conquest, James I was the first English monarch to commission the construction of a yacht—for his son <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Henry, Prince of Wales</a> in the early 1600s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> Pleasure vessels acquired the name <i>yacht</i> after the time of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, who spent time exiled in Europe and visited the Netherlands, where a variety of <i>jachten</i> were already well developed as pleasure boats for the elite classes since the beginning of the 17th century. Upon his restoration to the English crown, Charles commissioned a series of royal yachts, which included at least one experimental <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamaran" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Catamaran">catamaran</a>. The first recorded yacht race between two vessels occurred in 1661, followed by the first open sailing competition in 1663 in English waters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:02_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:02-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Starting in 1739, England found itself in a series of wars—a period that saw a decline in yachting. In Ireland, however, the gentry enjoyed yachting and founded the first yacht club in Cork as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Cork_Yacht_Club" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Royal Cork Yacht Club">Cork Harbour Water Club</a> in 1720. English yacht racing continued among the English gentry who founded England's oldest yacht club in 1775 to support a fleet at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cumberland">Cumberland</a>. With maritime peace, starting in 1815, came a resurgence of interest in yachting. Boatbuilders, who had been making fast vessels both for smugglers and the government <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutter_(boat)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cutter (boat)">revenue cutters</a>, turned their skills again to yachts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:02_12-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:02-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The fast yachts of the early 19th century were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fore-and-aft rig">fore-and-aft</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugger" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lugger">luggers</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Schooner">schooners</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloop" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sloop">sloops</a>. By the 1850s, yachts featured large sail areas, a narrow beam, and a deeper draft than was customary until then. Racing between yachts owned by wealthy patrons was common, with large wagers at stake. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Cup" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="America's Cup">America's Cup</a> arose out of a contest between the yacht, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_(yacht)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="America (yacht)">America</a></i>, and its English competitors. Both countries had rules by which to rate yachts, the English by tonnage and the American by length.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:02_12-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:02-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In the late 19th century, a yacht owner would base their choice of vessels upon preferred lifestyle and budget, which would determine the size and type of vessel, which would most likely be a fore-and aft, two-masted sailing vessel. A treatise on the subject, <i>A Manual of Yacht and Boat Sailing</i>, provided detailed information on selecting, equipping, sailing, seamanship, management of the paid crew, and racing such vessels. It included a brief section on steam yachts, the recirculating coil steam engine just having made such yachts efficient enough for leisure travel on the water.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Power">Power</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Power">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WIlliam_L._Harkness_Steam_Yacht_Gunilda_-_sunk_in_the_great_lakes.png" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="412" data-file-width="547" decoding="async" height="166" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/WIlliam_L._Harkness_Steam_Yacht_Gunilda_-_sunk_in_the_great_lakes.png/220px-WIlliam_L._Harkness_Steam_Yacht_Gunilda_-_sunk_in_the_great_lakes.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/WIlliam_L._Harkness_Steam_Yacht_Gunilda_-_sunk_in_the_great_lakes.png/330px-WIlliam_L._Harkness_Steam_Yacht_Gunilda_-_sunk_in_the_great_lakes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/WIlliam_L._Harkness_Steam_Yacht_Gunilda_-_sunk_in_the_great_lakes.png/440px-WIlliam_L._Harkness_Steam_Yacht_Gunilda_-_sunk_in_the_great_lakes.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WIlliam_L._Harkness_Steam_Yacht_Gunilda_-_sunk_in_the_great_lakes.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Steam yacht, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunilda" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gunilda">Gunilda</a></i>, ca. 1910</span></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Savarona,_yate_de_Ataturk.JPG" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2448" data-file-width="3264" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Savarona%2C_yate_de_Ataturk.JPG/220px-Savarona%2C_yate_de_Ataturk.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Savarona%2C_yate_de_Ataturk.JPG/330px-Savarona%2C_yate_de_Ataturk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Savarona%2C_yate_de_Ataturk.JPG/440px-Savarona%2C_yate_de_Ataturk.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Savarona,_yate_de_Ataturk.JPG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Turkish state yacht, <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savarona" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Savarona">Savarona</a></i> in 2014, a steam-turbine yacht re-engined with diesels</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">While sailing yachts continued to exist, the development of reliable power plants created a new category of pleasure craft. The power plants started with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a> and transitioned to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Internal combustion">internal combustion</a> engine. Whereas sailing yachts continued to be steered from the after portion of the vessel, power yachts adopted the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(nautical)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bridge (nautical)">bridge</a> in a forward cabin structure that afforded better forward and sideways visibility.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:02_12-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:02-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></span></p><h4 style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Steam">Steam</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Steam">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The history of steam yachts starts with large sailing yachts with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Steam engine">steam auxiliary engine</a>. Early examples, driven with paddle wheels, had a railed platform from which the person conning the vessel could walk across the vessel above the main deck, the origin of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(nautical)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bridge (nautical)">bridge</a>. In the late 18th century, steam engines became more efficient, spars were removed and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Propeller">screw propellers</a> became standard. Large steam yachts were luxurious; their staff included a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Captain">captain</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_officer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Engine officer">engineer</a>, and stewards, as well as deck hands.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:02_12-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:02-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_steam_engine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="History of the steam engine">development of the steam engine</a> figured in yacht design. In England, the practice was to use <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-tube_boiler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fire-tube boiler">fire-tube boilers</a> wherein the hot gases of combustion ran through parallel tubes surrounded by water; a design that required as slow process of heating the water to avoid damaging the boiler before making steam. In the United States, the practice was to use <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-tube_boiler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Water-tube boiler">water-tube boilers</a>, wherein the water is surrounded by the hot gases of combustion, allowing for making steam more rapidly. While the boiler was the source of steam, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_steam_engine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marine steam engine">marine steam engine</a> is where the steam was converted to mechanical power. With smaller, more rapidly spinning propellers engines comprised cylinders with pistons, connected to a crank shaft, driven by steam.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:02_12-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:02-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Near the end of the 19th century, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_engine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Compound engine">compound engines</a> came into widespread use. Compound engines exhausted steam into successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures, giving improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions, with double- and triple-expansion engines being common, especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hunter_14-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-Hunter-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> Steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Electric motor">electric motors</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a> gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hunter_14-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-Hunter-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wiser_15-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-Wiser-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></span></p><h4 style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Internal_combustion">Internal combustion</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Internal combustion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Otto" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicolaus Otto">Nicolaus Otto</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gottlieb Daimler">Gottlieb Daimler</a> developed practical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_engine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Four-stroke engine">four-stroke</a> gasoline engines, starting in 1876. Beginning in 1898 engines increased in horsepower from 25 horsepower (19 kW) to 500 brake horsepower (370 kW) by 1906. Some were destined for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorboat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Motorboat">speedboats</a>, other for motor yachts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:2-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Diesel engine">Diesel power plants</a> for boats were demonstrated in 1903.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> Diesels became a more prevalent type of power plant in the 20th century thanks to their low cost of operation and reliability.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:2-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup></span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification">Classification</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bavaria_Cruiser_45.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="1920" decoding="async" height="138" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bavaria_Cruiser_45.jpg/220px-Bavaria_Cruiser_45.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bavaria_Cruiser_45.jpg/330px-Bavaria_Cruiser_45.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bavaria_Cruiser_45.jpg/440px-Bavaria_Cruiser_45.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bavaria_Cruiser_45.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">A 45-foot cruising yacht in 2010</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_Craft_Directive" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Recreational Craft Directive">Recreational Craft Directive</a> requires that all vessels sold in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="European Union">European Union</a> and United Kingdom satisfy one of four design categories, based on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_scale" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beaufort scale">wind force</a> and seas that they are designed to encounter:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:52_18-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:52-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></span></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><em>A</em> yachts are fit for conditions that <u>exceed</u> wind force 8—40 knots (21 m/s)—and 13-foot (4 m) maximum wave heights, encountered in ocean passages and extended voyages.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><em>B</em> yachts are fit for conditions that <u>are less than</u> wind force 8—40 knots (21 m/s)—and 13-foot (4 m) maximum wave heights, encountered in ocean passages and extended voyages.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><em>C</em> yachts are fit for wind force 6—27 knots (14 m/s)—and 6.6-foot (2 m) maximum wave heights, encountered in <u>exposed</u> coastal waters, bays inlets, lakes and rivers.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><em>D</em> yachts are fit for wind force 4—16 knots (8.2 m/s)—and 1.6-foot (0.5 m) maximum wave heights, encountered in <u>sheltered</u> coastal waters, bays inlets, lakes and rivers.</span></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The <em>Large Commercial Yacht Code (LY2)</em> of Great Britain and its dominions defines a <em>large yacht</em> as one that is 24 metres (79 ft) or more at the waterline and is in commercial use for sport or pleasure, while not carrying cargo or more than 12 passengers and carrying a professional crew. The code regulates the equipping of such vessels, both at sea and in port—including such matters as crew duty times and the presence of a helicopter on board. The code has different levels of standard for vessels above and below 500 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_tonnage" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gross tonnage">gross tons</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> Such yachts may be considered <em>superyachts</em> and are more commonly at 40 metres (130 ft) or more in length.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:13_20-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:13-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> Other countries have standards similar to LY2.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:5_6-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:5-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Whereas <em>commercial</em> large yachts may carry no more than 12 passengers, <em>private</em> yachts are solely for the pleasure of the owner and guests do not carry the passenger restriction. Yachts may be identified by flag—the country under which a yacht is registered.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:5_6-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:5-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> An industry publication categorizes superyachts by size,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:32_21-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:32-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> by speed,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:42_22-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:42-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> as "explorer" yachts,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:11_23-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:11-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup> as sailing yachts,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup> and classic yachts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup></span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Construction">Construction</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Construction">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Originally, all yachts were made of wood, using a wooden keel and ribs, clad with planks. These materials were supplanted with iron or steel in steam yachts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:02_12-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:02-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> In the 1960s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglass" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a> became a prevalent material. These materials and others continue in use.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:7_26-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:7-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> Whereas yachts of 79 feet (24 m) and below may be constructed of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglass" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>, larger yachts are more likely to be constructed of steel, aluminum or composite <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre-reinforced_plastic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fibre-reinforced plastic">fiber-reinforced plastic</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup></span></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Wood</i> construction, using conventional planks over ribs continues. Hard-chined boats made with plywood is an infrequent technique. Whereas yachts made with the WEST system—plies of wood strips, soaked in epoxy and applied over the boat frame—provide a durable, lightweight and robust hull.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Metal</i> hulls from steel or aluminum offer the opportunity for welding components to a completely watertight hull. Both metals are vulnerable to damage due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a>. Steel is easy to repair in boatyards around the world, whereas aluminum is a much lighter material.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Fiberglass</i> construction is best suited for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mass production">mass-produced</a> yachts, using a mold and is therefore the most prevalent material. Fiberglass skins comprise plies of roving (glass fabric) and matting, soaked in resin for the hull. Decks typically have a core of balsa or PVC foam between layers of glass mat. Both elements of construction are vulnerable to intrusion of water and the development of blisters below the waterline.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup></span></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Accommodations">Accommodations</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Accommodations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J46_MainCabin.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="592" data-file-width="888" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/J46_MainCabin.jpg/220px-J46_MainCabin.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/J46_MainCabin.jpg/330px-J46_MainCabin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/J46_MainCabin.jpg/440px-J46_MainCabin.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J46_MainCabin.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Sailing yacht interior with fold-down table in main salon, galley (kitchen) on left, and navigation station on right and forward cabin visible beyond.</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Depending on size, a cruising yacht is likely to have at least two <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_(ship)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cabin (ship)">cabins</a>, a main salon and a forward <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_room" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="State room">stateroom</a>. In smaller yachts, the salon is likely to have convertible <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berth_(sleeping)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Berth (sleeping)">berths</a> for its crew or passengers. Typically the salon includes a dining area, which may have a folding, built-in table. The salon is typically contiguous to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Galley (kitchen)">galley</a>. A cruising yacht is likely to have a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(watercraft)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Head (watercraft)">head</a> (bathroom) with a marine toilet that discharges waste into a holding tank. Larger yachts may have additional staterooms and heads. There is typically a navigation station that allows planning the route.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:12_29-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:12-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:9_30-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:9-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup></span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Systems">Systems</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Systems">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taransay_Wheelhouse.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2362" data-file-width="3543" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Taransay_Wheelhouse.jpg/220px-Taransay_Wheelhouse.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Taransay_Wheelhouse.jpg/330px-Taransay_Wheelhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Taransay_Wheelhouse.jpg/440px-Taransay_Wheelhouse.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taransay_Wheelhouse.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Wheelhouse of motor yacht, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taransay_(yacht)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Taransay (yacht)">Taransay</a></i>, in 2015 with navigation and systems displays</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Onboard systems include:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:9_30-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:9-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup></span></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Electrical power, provided by batteries recharged by a motor-driven alternator (sail) or by a generator set (motor)</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Water, stored in on-board tanks, refilled on shore or replenished with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Desalination">desalination water maker</a></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Sanitation, provided by toilets using seawater and discharged into holding tanks.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Refrigeration by ice or an engine-driven mechanical system.</span></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Modern yachts employ a suite of electronics for communication, measurement of surroundings, and navigation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup></span></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Communications</i> equipment includes radios in a variety of bandwidths, specifically for maritime use.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Instrumentation</i> also provides information on depth of water under the vessel (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_sounding" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Echo sounding">depth sounder</a>), windspeed (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemometer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anemometer">anemometer</a>), and directional orientation (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Compass">compass</a>).</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Navigation</i> electronics include units that identify a vessel's location (e.g. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a>) and display the vessel's location (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartplotter" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chartplotter">chartplotter</a>) and other vessels and nearby shore (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Radar">radar</a>).</span></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Sailing_yachts">Sailing yachts</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Sailing yachts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hunter_25_September_Song_0878.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1257" data-file-width="945" decoding="async" height="293" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hunter_25_September_Song_0878.jpg/220px-Hunter_25_September_Song_0878.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hunter_25_September_Song_0878.jpg/330px-Hunter_25_September_Song_0878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hunter_25_September_Song_0878.jpg/440px-Hunter_25_September_Song_0878.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hunter_25_September_Song_0878.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Small sailing yacht with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outboard_motor" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Outboard motor">outboard motor</a> in 2017</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_yacht" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sailing yacht">Sailing yachts</a> for <i>cruising</i> versus <i>racing</i> embody different tradeoffs between comfort and performance. Cruising yachts emphasize comfort over performance. Racing yachts are designed to compete against others in their class, while providing adequate comfort to their crews.</span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Cruising">Cruising</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Cruising">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Cruising yachts may be designed for near-shore use or for passage-making. They may also be raced, but they are designed and built with the comfort and amenities necessary for overnight voyages. Qualities considered in cruising yachts include: performance, comfort under way, ease of handling, stability, living comfort, durability, ease of maintenance, affordability of ownership.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:6_32-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:6-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup></span></p><h4 style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Categories">Categories</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Categories">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Cruising sailboats share the common attribute of providing overnight accommodations. They may be classified as <i>small</i> (easy to haul behind a trailer),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2a_33-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:2a-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> <i>near-shore</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:1-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> and <i>off-shore</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multihull" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Multihull">Multihull</a> sailing yachts are a category, apart.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:4a_35-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:4a-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup></span></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Small yachts</i> are typically shorter than 33 feet (10 m) length overall.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:4a_35-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:4a-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_sailer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trailer sailer">Trailer sailers</a> that are readily towed by a car are generally shorter than 25 feet (7.6 m) length overall and weigh less than 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2a_33-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:2a-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Near-shore yachts</i> typically range in size from 33–45 feet (10–14 m) length overall.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:4_5-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:4-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Offshore yachts</i> typically exceed 45 feet (14 m) length overall.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:4a_35-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:4a-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup></span></li></ul><h4 style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Design">Design</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h4><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catamaran_de_croisi%C3%A8re_Lagoon_560.JPG" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3168" data-file-width="4752" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Catamaran_de_croisi%C3%A8re_Lagoon_560.JPG/220px-Catamaran_de_croisi%C3%A8re_Lagoon_560.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Catamaran_de_croisi%C3%A8re_Lagoon_560.JPG/330px-Catamaran_de_croisi%C3%A8re_Lagoon_560.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Catamaran_de_croisi%C3%A8re_Lagoon_560.JPG/440px-Catamaran_de_croisi%C3%A8re_Lagoon_560.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catamaran_de_croisi%C3%A8re_Lagoon_560.JPG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Cruising <i>catamaran</i> in 2012</span></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dragonflyextended.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1269" data-file-width="1738" decoding="async" height="161" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dragonflyextended.jpg/220px-Dragonflyextended.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dragonflyextended.jpg/330px-Dragonflyextended.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dragonflyextended.jpg/440px-Dragonflyextended.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dragonflyextended.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Cruising <i>trimaran</i> with folding <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama_(sailing)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ama (sailing)">amas</a> in 2005</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Design considerations for a cruising yacht include seaworthiness, performance, sea kindliness, and cost of construction, as follows:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:6_32-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:6-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup></span></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Seaworthiness</i> addresses the integrity of the vessel and its ability to stay afloat and shelter its crew in the conditions encountered.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Performance</i> hinges on a number of factors, including the waterline length (longer means faster), drag in the water (narrower hull with smooth appendages), hull shape, and sail shape and area.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Sea kindliness</i> is an indicator of steering ease, directional stability and quelling of motion induced by wind and waves.</span></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Multihulls offer tradeoffs as cruising sailboats, compared with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monohull" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Monohull">monohulls</a>. They may be catamarans or trimarans. They rely on form stability—having separate hulls far apart—for their resistance to capsize.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:6_32-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:6-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup> Their advantages include greater: stability, speed, (for catamarans) living space, and shallower draft. Their drawbacks include: greater expenses, greater <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windage" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Windage">windage</a>, more difficult tacking under sail, less load capacity, and more maneuvering room required because of their broad beam. They come with a variety of sleeping accommodations and (for catamarans) bridge-deck configurations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup></span></p><h4 style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Rigs">Rigs</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Rigs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaff_rig" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gaff rig">Gaff rigs</a> have been uncommon in the construction of cruising boats, since the mid 20th century. More common rigs are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_rig" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bermuda rig">Bermuda</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_rig" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fractional rig">fractional</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutter_(boat)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cutter (boat)">cutter</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketch" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ketch">ketch</a>. Occasionally employed rigs since then have been the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawl" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yawl">yawl</a>, schooner, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wishbone_rig" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wishbone rig">wishbone</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catboat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Catboat">catboat</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:7_26-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:7-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup></span></p><h4 style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Gear">Gear</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Gear">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Sailboats employ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_rigging" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Standing rigging">standing rigging</a> to support the rig, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_rigging" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Running rigging">running rigging</a> to raise and adjust sails, cleats to secure lines, winches to work the sheets, and more than one anchor to secure the boat in harbor. A cruising yacht's deck usually has safety line to protect the crew from falling overboard and a bow pulpit to facilitate handling the jib and the anchor. In temperate climates, the cockpit may have a canvas windshield with see-through panels, called a "dodger". Steering may be either by tiller or wheel.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:7_26-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:7-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup></span></p><h4 style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Engine">Engine</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Engine">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Cruising yachts have an auxiliary propulsion power unit to supplement the use of sails. Such <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_propulsion" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marine propulsion">power is inboard</a> on the vessel and diesel, except for the smallest cruising boats, which may have an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outboard_motor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Outboard motor">outboard gasoline motor</a>. A 31-foot (9.4 m) sailboat might have a 13-horsepower (9.7 kW) engine,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup> whereas a 55-foot (17 m) sailboat might have a 110-horsepower (82 kW) engine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Racing">Racing</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Racing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comanche_in_the_Rolex_Transatlantic_Race_2015_leaving_Newport_RI_for_Plymouth_England--B.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="1800" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Comanche_in_the_Rolex_Transatlantic_Race_2015_leaving_Newport_RI_for_Plymouth_England--B.jpg/220px-Comanche_in_the_Rolex_Transatlantic_Race_2015_leaving_Newport_RI_for_Plymouth_England--B.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Comanche_in_the_Rolex_Transatlantic_Race_2015_leaving_Newport_RI_for_Plymouth_England--B.jpg/330px-Comanche_in_the_Rolex_Transatlantic_Race_2015_leaving_Newport_RI_for_Plymouth_England--B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Comanche_in_the_Rolex_Transatlantic_Race_2015_leaving_Newport_RI_for_Plymouth_England--B.jpg/440px-Comanche_in_the_Rolex_Transatlantic_Race_2015_leaving_Newport_RI_for_Plymouth_England--B.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comanche_in_the_Rolex_Transatlantic_Race_2015_leaving_Newport_RI_for_Plymouth_England--B.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Racing yacht, <i>Comanche</i>, beginning a 2015 transatlantic race</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Racing yachts emphasize performance over comfort. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Sailing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World Sailing">World Sailing</a> recognizes eleven classes of racing yacht.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-39" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup></span></p><h4 style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Design_features">Design features</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Design features">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">High-performance rigs provide aerodynamic efficiency and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamical" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hydrodynamical">hydrodynamically</a> efficient hulls minimize drag through the water and sideways motion.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Racing yachts have a wide selection of weights and shapes of sail to accommodate different wind strengths and points of sail. A suite of sails on a racing yachts would include several weights of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jib" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jib">jib</a> and spinnaker, plus a specialized storm jib and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trysail" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trysail">trysail</a> (in place of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainsail" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mainsail">mainsail</a>). Performance yachts are likely to have full-battened kevlar or carbon-fiber mainsails.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:9_30-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:9-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Underwater foils can become more specialized, starting with a higher-aspect ratio fin keel with hydrodynamically efficient bulbs for ballast.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:8_40-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:8-40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup> On some racing yachts, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canting_keel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canting keel">canting keel</a> shifts angle from side to side to promote sailing with less heeling angle (sideway tilt), while other underwater foils take care of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeway" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leeway">leeway</a> (sideways motion).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:9_30-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:9-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup></span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Motor_yachts">Motor yachts</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Motor yachts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:80_foot_motor_yacht_Alchemist_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="4000" data-file-width="6000" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/80_foot_motor_yacht_Alchemist_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/220px-80_foot_motor_yacht_Alchemist_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/80_foot_motor_yacht_Alchemist_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/330px-80_foot_motor_yacht_Alchemist_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/80_foot_motor_yacht_Alchemist_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/440px-80_foot_motor_yacht_Alchemist_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:80_foot_motor_yacht_Alchemist_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Lazzara 80-foot (24 m) planing-hull, <em>sports-cruiser</em> motor yacht in 2014</span></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nordhavn_47d.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="335" data-file-width="500" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Nordhavn_47d.jpg/220px-Nordhavn_47d.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Nordhavn_47d.jpg/330px-Nordhavn_47d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Nordhavn_47d.jpg/440px-Nordhavn_47d.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nordhavn_47d.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Nordhavn</i> 47-foot (14 m) displacement-hull, <em>expedition-style</em> motor yacht in 2005</span></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Therapy_D81_9848_(29134390348).jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2010" data-file-width="3012" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Therapy_D81_9848_%2829134390348%29.jpg/220px-Therapy_D81_9848_%2829134390348%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Therapy_D81_9848_%2829134390348%29.jpg/330px-Therapy_D81_9848_%2829134390348%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Therapy_D81_9848_%2829134390348%29.jpg/440px-Therapy_D81_9848_%2829134390348%29.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Therapy_D81_9848_(29134390348).jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Grand Banks 42-foot (13 m) displacement-hull, <em>trawler-style</em> motor yacht in 2018</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Motor yachts range in length from 33–130 feet (10–40 m) before they are considered <i>super-yachts or mega-yachts</i>, which are 130 feet (40 m) and longer. They also vary by use, by style, and by hull type. As of April 2020 a 600-foot (180 m) yacht, <i>REV Ocean</i>, was under construction,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup> which when launched would replace the 590-foot (180 m) <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzam_(2013_yacht)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Azzam (2013 yacht)">Azzam</a></i> as the longest superyacht.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:3_1-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:3-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> As superyachts have grown size, the distinction between a yacht and a ship (perhaps converted for personal use) has become unclear. A proposed definition for calling a vessel a yacht rather than a ship would if it was constructed solely for personal use and has a combined occupancy of less than 100, including crew.</span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_2">Classification</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> classifies motorboats—any vessel less than 65 feet (20 m), propelled by machinery—in four classes by length:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-43" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup></span></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Class A: motorboats less than 16 feet (4.9 m)</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Class 1: motorboats 16–26 feet (4.9–7.9 m)</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Class 2: motorboats 26–40 feet (7.9–12.2 m)</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Class 3: motorboats 40–65 feet (12–20 m)</span></li></ul><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Style">Style</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Style">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">A motor yacht's style can both be functional and evoke an aesthetic—trending towards the modern or the traditional. Among the styles, mentioned in the literature, are:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:10_44-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:10-44" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup></span></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Cruiser</i> – A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_cruiser" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cabin cruiser">cruiser</a> has a displacement hull for economical, long-distance passage-making.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Sports cruiser</i> – A sports cruiser has a semi-displacement or planing hull for fast trips.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Sports fisherman</i> – A sports fisherman has a semi-displacement or planing hull for fast trips and carries gear for recreational catching of large fish.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Expedition</i> –An expedition yacht has a displacement hull for economical, long-distance passage-making to remote destinations. These are also called <em>explorer</em> yachts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:11_23-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:11-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Lobster</i> – A lobster yacht is styled like a Maine lobster boat and has a semi-displacement or planing hull for fast trips.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Trawler</i>– A trawler has conservative, traditional styling and has a displacement hull for economical, medium-distance passage-making.</span></li></ul><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Hulls">Hulls</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Hulls">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">There are three basic types of motor yacht hull: <em>full-displacement</em>, <em>semi-displacement</em>, and <em>planing</em>, which have progressively higher cruise speeds and hourly fuel consumption with increased engine power:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-powerandmotoryacht.com_45-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-powerandmotoryacht.com-45" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup></span></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Full-displacement hulls</i> move the water up and out of the way of the vessel, making a wave. They are limited in speed by the square root of the waterline length multiplied by a factor, depending on the units used. Added horsepower cannot increase the maximum speed, only the size of the waves produced.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Semi-displacement hulls</i> allow speeds that are faster than the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_speed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hull speed">hull speed</a> of a displacement vessel because they rise somewhat out of the water and create smaller waves. They also provide greater comfort than planing hulls.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><i>Planing hulls</i> require sufficient power for the boat to slide up onto the surface, which avoids the need to use power to lift water out of the way of the vessel. Such vessels have flat surfaces on the undersides.</span></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">A typical semi-displacement yacht has a wedge-shaped bow, which promotes penetrating waves, that transitions to flatter, wider surfaces aft, which promotes lifting the vessel out of the water—the "deep vee" hull, designed by Ray Hunt, found in approximately 75% of modern power boats.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-46" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Cruising motor yachts are available in a range of styles as two-engine <em>catamarans</em>, ranging in length from 40–150 feet (12–46 m) with top speeds ranging from 20–60 knots (37–111 km/h).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-47" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Engines">Engines</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yacht&action=edit&section=24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Engines">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yanmar.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Yanmar.jpg/220px-Yanmar.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Yanmar.jpg/330px-Yanmar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Yanmar.jpg/440px-Yanmar.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yanmar.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">260-horsepower (190 kW) diesel <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inboard_motor" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inboard motor">marine engine</a></span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Motor yachts typically have one or more <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a>. Gasoline-powered motors and engines are the provenance of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outboard_motor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Outboard motor">outboard motors</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_racing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Boat racing">racing boats</a>, due to their power-to-weight ratios.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:10_44-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:10-44" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> Two engines adds expense, but provides reliability and maneuverability over a single engine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-48" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Motor yachts in the 42-foot (13 m) range might have the following hull, horsepower, cruise speed, and hourly fuel consumption characteristics:</span></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><em>Full-displacement hull</em> – two 135-horsepower (101 kW) diesels to cruise at 9 knots (17 km/h), consuming 5 US gallons per hour (19 l/h).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:14_49-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:14-49" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><em>Semi-displacement hull</em> – two 350-horsepower (260 kW) diesels to cruise at 17 knots (31 km/h), consuming 12 US gallons per hour (45 l/h).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-51" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><em>Planing hull</em> – two 400-horsepower (300 kW) diesels to cruise at 30 knots (56 km/h), consuming 24 US gallons per hour (90 l/h).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-52" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:14_49-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-:14-49" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup></span></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Superyachts may employ multiple 9,000-horsepower (6,700 kW) diesels<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-53" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup> or a combination of diesels and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gas turbine">gas turbines</a> with a combined 47,000 horsepower (35,000 kW).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SYTimes-NautaComments_54-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht#cite_note-SYTimes-NautaComments-54" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup></span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><br /></h2></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-52178663188760116072022-04-29T13:59:00.000-05:002022-05-12T12:42:24.948-05:00A to Z Challenge X is for xterra<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivOVeVfQz1XKwU0vd6ga1rKmyzOTYUVpCjMDtASKPuFAaof86ZhoUBoex1uSANy_uAFTavcjHZWo7c6M5csKsz5GIhXoFLPKbzKjfX7Bjrl9bIByQbNb38YLX-_v_a3Uh_o5-4HXogAfqMlw0OJSMTag0ommqIOFmprFcw9VP0wDIZF-kL2-4u-1lD/s201/2022-XXX.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="201" data-original-width="201" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivOVeVfQz1XKwU0vd6ga1rKmyzOTYUVpCjMDtASKPuFAaof86ZhoUBoex1uSANy_uAFTavcjHZWo7c6M5csKsz5GIhXoFLPKbzKjfX7Bjrl9bIByQbNb38YLX-_v_a3Uh_o5-4HXogAfqMlw0OJSMTag0ommqIOFmprFcw9VP0wDIZF-kL2-4u-1lD/s1600/2022-XXX.jpg" width="201" /></a></div>X is for xterra one of the hardest letters to do writing about <p></p><p>informaiton is from Wikipedia and used only for my blogging after researching there is no transportation that just starts with X.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><h1 class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" id="firstHeading" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Nissan Xterra</span></h1><div class="vector-body" id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); line-height: 1.6; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="font-size: 12.88px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></div><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;"></div><div id="contentSub2" style="font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;"></div><div id="jump-to-nav"></div><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#mw-head" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: block; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute !important; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Jump to navigation</span></a><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#searchInput" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: block; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute !important; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Jump to search</span></a><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">"Xterra" redirects here. For the competition, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XTERRA_Triathlon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="XTERRA Triathlon">XTERRA Triathlon</a>.</span></div><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: -0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Not to be confused with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Terra" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan Terra">Nissan Terra</a>.</span></div><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: -0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">"Nissan X-Terra" redirects here. For the SUV sold in the Middle East with the same name since 2020, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Terra" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan Terra">Nissan Terra</a>.</span></div><table class="infobox hproduct" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><th class="infobox-above fn" colspan="2" style="background-color: silver; font-size: 15.4px; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Nissan Xterra</span></th></tr><tr><td class="infobox-image" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nissan_Xterra_(N50)_IMG_6174.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="Nissan Xterra (N50) IMG 6174.jpg" data-file-height="2575" data-file-width="4653" decoding="async" height="155" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nissan_Xterra_%28N50%29_IMG_6174.jpg/280px-Nissan_Xterra_%28N50%29_IMG_6174.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nissan_Xterra_%28N50%29_IMG_6174.jpg/420px-Nissan_Xterra_%28N50%29_IMG_6174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nissan_Xterra_%28N50%29_IMG_6174.jpg/560px-Nissan_Xterra_%28N50%29_IMG_6174.jpg 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="280" /></span></a><div class="infobox-caption"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2009–2012 Nissan Xterra</span></div></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="background-color: silver; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Overview</span></th></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Manufacturer</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Nissan</span></a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Also called</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Nissan Paladin (China)<br />Nissan Roniz (Iran)<br />Dongfeng Oting (China)</span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Production</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1999–2015<br />2003–2007 (Brazil)<br />2003–2015 (China)</span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Assembly</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna,_Tennessee" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Smyrna, Tennessee">Smyrna, Tennessee</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Smyrna_Assembly_Plant" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan Smyrna Assembly Plant">NSAP</a>; 1999–2012)<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Mississippi" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canton, Mississippi">Canton, Mississippi</a> (Nissan North America; 2012–2015)<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States">United States</a><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_dos_Pinhais" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="São José dos Pinhais">São José dos Pinhais</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (Renault-Nissan plant; 2003–07)</span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_design" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Automotive design"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Designer</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Tom Semple<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Semple_1-0" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-Semple-1" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> with Robert Bauer</span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="background-color: silver; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Body and chassis</span></th></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_classification" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Car classification"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Class</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_sport_utility_vehicle" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Compact sport utility vehicle"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Compact SUV</span></a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_body_style" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Car body style"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Body style</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">5-door <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sport utility vehicle">SUV</a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_layout" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Automobile layout"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Layout</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive</a><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Front-engine, four-wheel-drive</a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="background-color: silver; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Chronology</span></th></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Successor</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Rogue" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan Rogue">Nissan Rogue</a><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Murano" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan Murano">Nissan Murano</a><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Terra" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan Terra">Nissan Terra</a> (China)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The <b>Nissan Xterra</b> is a front-engine, 2-wheel or 4-wheel drive, five-door, five-passenger, truck-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_sport_utility_vehicle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Compact sport utility vehicle">compact SUV</a> manufactured and marketed by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Motors" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan Motors">Nissan Motors</a> from 1999–2015 across two generations; the first (1999–2004) sharing a platform as well as front bumper, hood, A-pillar, windshield and front doors with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Frontier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan Frontier">Nissan Frontier</a> pickup<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jerry_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-jerry-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> – and the second (2005–2015) also shares its platform with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Frontier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan Frontier">Frontier</a>.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">While the two Xterra generations differed significantly, both prioritized ruggedness and affordability over luxury<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-emphasize_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-emphasize-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> and used <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body-on-frame" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Body-on-frame">body-on-frame</a> construction along with underbody skid plates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-warren_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-warren-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> Both generations also used a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-box_styling#Two-box_design" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Three-box styling">two-box</a> design with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillar_(car)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pillar (car)">c-pillar</a>-mounted rear door handles, asymmetrical rear window, tailgate bump-out for a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid_kit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="First aid kit">first aid kit</a> accessible from inside – and a prominent two-tiered roof enabling <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_seating" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stadium seating">stadium seating</a> in the second row. The stepped roof accommodated a lower, front roof rack with a removable gear basket and a more conventional roof rack at the rear, upper roof.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Nissan licensed the <i>Xterra</i> name from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XTERRA_Triathlon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="XTERRA Triathlon">XTERRA</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-road_triathlon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Off-road triathlon">off-road triathlon</a> race series<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nissan_sponsors_XTerra_race_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-Nissan_sponsors_XTerra_race-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> and manufactured the SUV at Nissan's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Smyrna_Assembly_Plant" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan Smyrna Assembly Plant">Smyrna Assembly</a>, as well as in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Mississippi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canton, Mississippi">Canton, Mississippi</a>. Variants were also manufactured in Brazil and China.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Styled by NDI Director of Design Tom Semple<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Semple_1-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-Semple-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> and developed at Nissan Design America in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Jolla,_California" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="La Jolla, California">La Jolla, California</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lajolla_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-lajolla-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> the Xterra was the first Nissan vehicle completely conceived, developed and manufactured in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lienert_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-lienert-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Hirshberg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jerry Hirshberg">Jerry Hirshberg</a>, president of Nissan Design International (NDI), "the impetus for Xterra designers was to create an affordable, rugged, quality piece of equipment".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jerry_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-jerry-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> He later described it as "a garage tool that says, 'treat me rough' -- it's designed to look better dirty than clean."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tool_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-tool-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_%26_Track" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Road & Track">Road & Track</a> described the Xterra as "an honest SUV that doesn't try to be a luxury car alternative, nor tries to hide its truck underpinnings".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hide_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-hide-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalopnik" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jalopnik">Jalopnik</a> called it a "knockoff of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Rover_Discovery" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Land Rover Discovery">Land Rover Discovery</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jalop_10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-jalop-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> described it as "rugged without bravado".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-warren_4-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-warren-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></span></p><div aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" class="toc" id="toc" role="navigation" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: table; font-size: 13.3px; padding: 7px;"><input class="toctogglecheckbox" id="toctogglecheckbox" role="button" style="display: none; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; z-index: -1;" type="checkbox" /><div class="toctitle" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 13.3px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan" style="font-size: 12.502px;"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="cursor: pointer;"></label></span></span></div><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#First_generation_(WD22;_1999)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">First generation (WD22; 1999)</span></span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#1999%E2%80%932001" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">1999–2001</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#2002%E2%80%932004" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2002–2004</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#Second_generation_(N50;_2005)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Second generation (N50; 2005)</span></span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#2005%E2%80%932015" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2005–2015</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#2009_update" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2009 update</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#2011_update" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2011 update</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#Discontinuation" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Discontinuation</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#Awards_and_recognition" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Awards and recognition</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#Production_outside_North_America" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Production outside North America</span></span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#Dongfeng_Oting" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Dongfeng Oting</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#Successor" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Successor</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#Sales" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Sales</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#References" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#External_links" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></span></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span id="First_generation_.28WD22.3B_1999.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="First_generation_(WD22;_1999)">First generation (WD22; 1999)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan_Xterra&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: First generation (WD22; 1999)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><table class="infobox hproduct" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><th class="infobox-above fn" colspan="2" style="background-color: silver; font-size: 15.4px; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">First Generation (WD22)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="infobox-image" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2001Xterra.JPG" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="2001Xterra.JPG" data-file-height="1841" data-file-width="2833" decoding="async" height="182" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/2001Xterra.JPG/280px-2001Xterra.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/2001Xterra.JPG/420px-2001Xterra.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/2001Xterra.JPG/560px-2001Xterra.JPG 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="280" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="background-color: silver; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Overview</span></th></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Also called</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Nissan Paladin (China)<br />Nissan Roniz (Iran)</span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Production</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">April 19, 1999<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-11" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> – 2004 (North America and Brazil)<br />1999–2009 (Iran)<br />2003–2015 (China)</span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_design" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Automotive design"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Designer</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Diane Allen (1996)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-12" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="background-color: silver; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Body and chassis</span></th></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Related</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Frontier" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan Frontier">Nissan Frontier</a><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Pathfinder" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan Pathfinder">Nissan Pathfinder</a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="background-color: silver; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Powertrain</span></th></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Engine"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Engine</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_engine" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Petrol engine">Gasoline</a>:</b><br />2.4 L <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KA24DE#KA24DE" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="KA24DE">KA24DE</a></i> 143 hp (107 kW) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-four_engine" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Straight-four engine">I4</a><br />3.3 L <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_VG_engine#VG33E" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan VG engine">VG33E</a></i> 170 hp (130 kW) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V6_engine" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="V6 engine">V6</a><br />3.3 L <i>VG33E</i> 180 hp (130 kW) V6<br />3.3 L <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercharger" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Supercharger">supercharged</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_VG_engine#VG33ER" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan VG engine">VG33ER</a></i> 210 hp (160 kW) V6<br /><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Diesel engine">Diesel</a>:</b><br />2.8 L <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharged_direct_injection" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Turbocharged direct injection">TDI</a> 4.07TCA 132 hp (98 kW) I4<br />2.8 L TDI <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_rail" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Common rail">CRD</a> 4.07TCE 140 hp (100 kW) I4</span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transmission (mechanics)"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Transmission</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">4-speed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_transmission" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Automatic transmission">automatic</a><br />5-speed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_transmission" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Manual transmission">manual</a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="background-color: silver; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Dimensions</span></th></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbase" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wheelbase"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Wheelbase</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2,650 mm (104.3 in)</span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Length</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">4,522 mm (178.0 in)</span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Width</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1,788 mm (70.4 in)</span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Height</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1,834–1,879 mm (72.2–74.0 in)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span id="1999.E2.80.932001"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1999–2001">1999–2001</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan_Xterra&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: 1999–2001">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The Xterra was introduced in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="North America">North America</a> in the 2000 model year, using <i>Everything you need, nothing you don't</i> as its marketing tagline.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">During the Xterra's first two years, two trim levels were offered, marketed as XE and SE.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The XE featured a 143 hp (107 kW) <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KA24DE" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="KA24DE">KA24DE</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline-four_engine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inline-four engine">I4</a>, 5-speed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_transmission" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Manual transmission">manual transmission</a>, and steel wheels as well as several option packages combining the 170 horsepower 3.3 L <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_VG_engine#VG33E" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan VG engine">VG33E</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V6_engine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="V6 engine">V6 engine</a> with either a 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission, as well as roof rack (rated for a load up to 125lbs),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Semple_1-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-Semple-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> side step-rails, sunroof, and carpeted floor mats. The SE featured standard equipment that was optional on an XE. All models featured removable, tab-secured rear seat cushions to accommodate a fold-flat rear seat back.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Canadian models from 1999 to 2004 were limited to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_VG_engine#VG33E" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan VG engine">VG33E</a> V6 engine with part-time 4WD.</span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span id="2002.E2.80.932004"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="2002–2004">2002–2004</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan_Xterra&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: 2002–2004">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:02xterra.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="505" data-file-width="770" decoding="async" height="144" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/02xterra.jpg/220px-02xterra.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/02xterra.jpg/330px-02xterra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/02xterra.jpg/440px-02xterra.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:02xterra.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2002–2004 Nissan Xterra</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">With the 1999 Xterra having been developed at Nissan Design America in California,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lajolla_6-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-lajolla-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> all updates for the 2002 Xterra were executed at Nissan Technical Center-North America in Farmington Hills, Michigan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lajolla_6-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-lajolla-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> The facelifted model debuted at the 2001 Chicago Auto Show prominently revised front-end styling with rounded headlights, revised instrument panel, center console, larger glove compartment, pullout rear cup holders and four interior power points, foot-operated pedal parking brake (vs. previous a dash-mounted pull-and-twist parking brake) — and an increase of 10 horsepower for the V6 engine.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The rear differential for all Xterras and Frontiers are H233B with a number of gear ratios offered in both limited slip and open configurations. The most common being 4.636:1 and 4.9:1. Early differentials has a flange style input to the pinion while late 2004 through the end of production had a Spicer yoke style input to the pinion.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The 3.3L <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_VG_engine#VG33E" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan VG engine">VG33E</a> V6 was upgraded to 180 hp (134 kW) at 4,800 rpm and 202 lb⋅ft (274 N⋅m) at 2,800 rpm, with the 210 hp (157 kW) Eaton M62 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_Type_Supercharger" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roots Type Supercharger">supercharged</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_VG_engine#VG33ER" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan VG engine">VG33ER</a> option carried over from the 2001 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Frontier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan Frontier">Nissan Frontier</a>, producing 246 lb⋅ft (334 N⋅m) of torque for the automatic, and 231 lb⋅ft (313 N⋅m) of torque with 5-speed manual.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">For 2003 the front seats received additional adjustability with added lumbar support and in SE models the available 6-disc, 4-speaker <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a>/<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="CD">CD</a> audio system was replaced by a 6-speaker 300W <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaupunkt#Rockford_Fosgate_alliance" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blaupunkt">Rockford Fosgate</a> AM/FM/CD audio system with an 8-inch subwoofer that took up a small portion of the rear storage area. The last of the model year 2004 Xterras were manufactured in January 2005.</span></p><div style="clear: both;"></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span id="Second_generation_.28N50.3B_2005.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Second_generation_(N50;_2005)">Second generation (N50; 2005)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan_Xterra&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Second generation (N50; 2005)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><table class="infobox hproduct" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><th class="infobox-above fn" colspan="2" style="background-color: silver; font-size: 15.4px; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Second generation (N50)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="infobox-image" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2nd_Nissan_Xterra_.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="2nd Nissan Xterra .jpg" data-file-height="705" data-file-width="1243" decoding="async" height="159" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/2nd_Nissan_Xterra_.jpg/280px-2nd_Nissan_Xterra_.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/2nd_Nissan_Xterra_.jpg/420px-2nd_Nissan_Xterra_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/2nd_Nissan_Xterra_.jpg/560px-2nd_Nissan_Xterra_.jpg 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="280" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="background-color: silver; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Overview</span></th></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Production</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">January 2005 – 2015</span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_year" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Model year"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Model years</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2005–2015</span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="background-color: silver; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Body and chassis</span></th></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_platform" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Automobile platform"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Platform</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_F-Alpha_platform" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan F-Alpha platform"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Nissan F-Alpha platform</span></a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Related</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiniti_QX56" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Infiniti QX56">Infiniti QX56</a><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Armada" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan Armada">Nissan Armada</a><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Frontier" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan Frontier">Nissan Frontier</a><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Pathfinder" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan Pathfinder">Nissan Pathfinder</a><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Titan" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan Titan">Nissan Titan</a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="background-color: silver; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Powertrain</span></th></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Engine"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Engine</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_engine" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Petrol engine">Gasoline</a>:</b><br />4.0 L <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_VQ_engine#VQ40DE" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan VQ engine">VQ40DE</a></i> 265 hp (198 kW) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V6_engine" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="V6 engine">V6</a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transmission (mechanics)"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Transmission</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">5-speed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_transmission" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Automatic transmission">automatic</a><br />6-speed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_transmission" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Manual transmission">manual</a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="background-color: silver; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Dimensions</span></th></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbase" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wheelbase"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Wheelbase</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2,700 mm (106.3 in)</span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Length</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">4,539 mm (178.7 in)</span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Width</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1,849 mm (72.8 in)</span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Height</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1,902 mm (74.9 in)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span id="2005.E2.80.932015"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="2005–2015">2005–2015</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan_Xterra&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: 2005–2015">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The second generation Xterra debuted at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_International_Auto_Show" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New York International Auto Show">New York International Auto Show</a> in 2004 using Nissan's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_F-Alpha_platform" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan F-Alpha platform">F-Alpha platform</a>. Larger in all dimensions than its predecessor, it entered showrooms in early 2005 for the 2005 model year. The standard engine was upgraded to Nissan's 4.0 L <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_VQ_engine#VQ40DE" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan VQ engine">VQ40DE</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_valve_timing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Variable valve timing">variable valve timing</a> V6, producing 261 hp (195 kW).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> A rear differential locker was offered for off-roading.</span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="2009_update">2009 update</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan_Xterra&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: 2009 update">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nissan_Xterra_--_04-22-2010.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="820" data-file-width="1237" decoding="async" height="146" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nissan_Xterra_--_04-22-2010.jpg/220px-Nissan_Xterra_--_04-22-2010.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nissan_Xterra_--_04-22-2010.jpg/330px-Nissan_Xterra_--_04-22-2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nissan_Xterra_--_04-22-2010.jpg/440px-Nissan_Xterra_--_04-22-2010.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nissan_Xterra_--_04-22-2010.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2009–2012 Nissan Xterra</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The Xterra received a facelift for 2009 (July 2008 production) with more options and colors, leather seats on SE models, and roof mounted lights on off-road models. The last year of the Nissan Xterra in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> was 2008. In 2012, production was moved from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna,_Tennessee" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Smyrna, Tennessee">Smyrna, Tennessee</a>, to Nissan's facility in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Mississippi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canton, Mississippi">Canton, Mississippi</a>.</span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="2011_update">2011 update</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan_Xterra&action=edit&section=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: 2011 update">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Early US models include X, S and PRO-4X, with a choice of 6-speed manual or 5-speed automatic transmissions, a choice of part-time 4-wheel drive or 2-wheel drive.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Changes include:</span></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Standard Bluetooth Hands-free Phone System, steering wheel audio controls and sunglass holder (overhead console) on all grade levels, except X model</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">An updated <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NissanConnect" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NissanConnect">NissanConnect</a> with smartphone integration for iPhone and Android, allowing the user to connect with Pandora, iHeartRadio, Facebook and more. Capabilities include SiriusXM (subscription required, sold separately), streaming audio via Bluetooth, Hands-free Text Messaging Assistant and audio voice recognition.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">New 16-inch aluminum-alloy wheel designs for the S and PRO-4X.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">New HVAC controls and upgraded audio system added to X grade.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Heated front seats available on PRO-4X.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Silver paint on the grille and underguard.</span></li></ul><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Discontinuation">Discontinuation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan_Xterra&action=edit&section=8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Discontinuation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The Xterra was discontinued in the U.S. after the 2015 model year. Poor fuel economy, declining sales, and mandated upgrades to safety and emissions were cited as reasons.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nissan_Xterra_Discontinued_in_U.S._18-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-Nissan_Xterra_Discontinued_in_U.S.-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup></span></p><div style="clear: both;"></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Awards_and_recognition">Awards and recognition</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan_Xterra&action=edit&section=9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Awards and recognition">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Driver%27s_Side_-_2012_Nissan_Xterra_Pro-4X_(7549937958).jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="903" data-file-width="1200" decoding="async" height="166" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Driver%27s_Side_-_2012_Nissan_Xterra_Pro-4X_%287549937958%29.jpg/220px-Driver%27s_Side_-_2012_Nissan_Xterra_Pro-4X_%287549937958%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Driver%27s_Side_-_2012_Nissan_Xterra_Pro-4X_%287549937958%29.jpg/330px-Driver%27s_Side_-_2012_Nissan_Xterra_Pro-4X_%287549937958%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Driver%27s_Side_-_2012_Nissan_Xterra_Pro-4X_%287549937958%29.jpg/440px-Driver%27s_Side_-_2012_Nissan_Xterra_Pro-4X_%287549937958%29.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Driver%27s_Side_-_2012_Nissan_Xterra_Pro-4X_(7549937958).jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2012 Nissan Xterra Pro-4X dashboard</span></div></div></div><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2000 <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Trend" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Motor Trend">Motor Trend</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left: 0.1em; white-space: nowrap;">'</span>s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_of_the_Year" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Car of the Year">Sport Utility of the Year</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-demise_20-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-demise-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2000 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Car_of_the_Year" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="North American Car of the Year">North American Truck of the Year</a></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2000 New England Motor Press Association's Winter Vehicle Award of New England for Best in Class – Mini Sport Utility</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2001 Named Top Car by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Automobile_Association" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American Automobile Association">AAA</a> New Car and Truck Buying Guide</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2005 Named on the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_Magazine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Automobile Magazine">Automobile Magazine</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left: 0.1em; white-space: nowrap;">'</span>s 50 Great New Cars list</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2006 Nominated as North American Truck of the Year</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2006 <i>Motor Trend</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left: 0.1em; white-space: nowrap;">'</span>s Sport Utility of the Year</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2006 <i>Motor Trend</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left: 0.1em; white-space: nowrap;">'</span>s Truck Trend's Best Little-Guy SUV Award</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2006 <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_and_Driver" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Car and Driver">Car and Driver</a></i> Rock-Hopper SUV Winner.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2006 4×4 of the Year award from Peterson's <i>4-Wheel and Off-Road</i> magazine.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2006 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmunds.com" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edmunds.com">Edmunds.com</a> Editor's Most Wanted Vehicle</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2009 <i>4Wheeler Magazine</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left: 0.1em; white-space: nowrap;">'</span>s SUV of the Year</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2010 U.S. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a>'s highest Side-impact Safety Rating (five stars)</span></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Production_outside_North_America">Production outside North America</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan_Xterra&action=edit&section=10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Production outside North America">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nissan_Paladin_China_2014-04-25.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="923" data-file-width="1300" decoding="async" height="156" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nissan_Paladin_China_2014-04-25.jpg/220px-Nissan_Paladin_China_2014-04-25.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nissan_Paladin_China_2014-04-25.jpg/330px-Nissan_Paladin_China_2014-04-25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nissan_Paladin_China_2014-04-25.jpg/440px-Nissan_Paladin_China_2014-04-25.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nissan_Paladin_China_2014-04-25.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Nissan Paladin in China</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">All Nissan-produced Xterras manufactured outside the U.S. were built in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_dos_Pinhais" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="São José dos Pinhais">São José dos Pinhais</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> until 2007. (Nissan ceased Brazilian production entirely in 2007.) It is built under license by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pars_Khodro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pars Khodro">Pars Khodro</a> in Iran as the <b>Nissan Roniz</b>, and in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="People's Republic of China">China</a> by Zhengzhou Nissan Automobile as the (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja"><a class="extiw" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E7%94%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%83%A9%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ja:日産・パラディン">Nissan Paladin</a></span>) from 2003 to 2013. The <i>Paladin</i> uses the same chassis and running gear as the first generation Nissan Xterra, and the 2.4L KA24DE engine mated to a 5-speed manual transmission. The front end is from the local Pickup. (The second generation Xterra model is only available in North America.) Other difference between the American Xterra and its Chinese counterparts is the parking brake actuator, a pedal with a pull-handle release in America, and a lever in China.</span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Dongfeng_Oting">Dongfeng Oting</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan_Xterra&action=edit&section=11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Dongfeng Oting">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongfeng_Motors" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dongfeng Motors">Dongfeng Motors</a> produces a Chinese version of the Xterra called the Oting from 2007 to 2015. It is based on the first generation of the Xterra. It was available with the 2.4 liter <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Sirius_engine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mitsubishi Sirius engine">4G64</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Sirius_engine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mitsubishi Sirius engine">4G69</a></i> or a 2.5-liter turbo diesel engine paired to a 5 speed manual gearbox.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In comparison to pricing, the Chinese market Nissan Paladin was priced at 159,800 to 244,800 RMB (25,264 to US$38,702) while the Oting was priced at 119,800 to 154,800 RMB (18,940 to US$24,473). Trim levels for the Paladin were called the 2WD S, 2WD C, 2WD L, 2WD E, 4WD S, 4WD C, 4WD L and 4WD E.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> Trim levels for the Oting were called the China III MT L, China III MT E, China III AT L, China IV MT L, China IV MT E, Diesel 2WD and the Diesel 4WD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup></span></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 235px;"><div style="width: 235px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 230px;"><div style="margin: 15px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nissan_Paladin_facelift_China_2012-06-02.JPG" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" data-file-height="893" data-file-width="1300" decoding="async" height="137" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nissan_Paladin_facelift_China_2012-06-02.JPG/200px-Nissan_Paladin_facelift_China_2012-06-02.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nissan_Paladin_facelift_China_2012-06-02.JPG/300px-Nissan_Paladin_facelift_China_2012-06-02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nissan_Paladin_facelift_China_2012-06-02.JPG/399px-Nissan_Paladin_facelift_China_2012-06-02.JPG 2x" style="background: none repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Dongfeng Oting with Nissan badge</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 235px;"><div style="width: 235px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 230px;"><div style="margin: 18px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dongfeng_Oting_facelift_01_China_2016-04-08.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" data-file-height="852" data-file-width="1300" decoding="async" height="131" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dongfeng_Oting_facelift_01_China_2016-04-08.jpg/200px-Dongfeng_Oting_facelift_01_China_2016-04-08.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dongfeng_Oting_facelift_01_China_2016-04-08.jpg/300px-Dongfeng_Oting_facelift_01_China_2016-04-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dongfeng_Oting_facelift_01_China_2016-04-08.jpg/400px-Dongfeng_Oting_facelift_01_China_2016-04-08.jpg 2x" style="background: none repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Dongfeng Oting</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0.1em; vertical-align: top; width: 235px;"><div style="width: 235px;"><div class="thumb" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 2px; text-align: center; width: 230px;"><div style="margin: 17px auto;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dongfeng_Oting_facelift_02_China_2016-04-08.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" data-file-height="865" data-file-width="1300" decoding="async" height="133" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dongfeng_Oting_facelift_02_China_2016-04-08.jpg/200px-Dongfeng_Oting_facelift_02_China_2016-04-08.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dongfeng_Oting_facelift_02_China_2016-04-08.jpg/300px-Dongfeng_Oting_facelift_02_China_2016-04-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dongfeng_Oting_facelift_02_China_2016-04-08.jpg/400px-Dongfeng_Oting_facelift_02_China_2016-04-08.jpg 2x" style="background: none repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 13.16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 4px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Dongfeng Oting rear.</p></div></div></li></span></ul><div style="clear: both;"></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Successor">Successor</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan_Xterra&action=edit&section=12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Successor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Following the Xterra's discontinuation from the U.S. market in 2015, Nissan began testing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Navara#D23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan Navara">D23 Navara</a>-based SUV.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> The SUV, later named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Terra" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nissan Terra">Terra</a>, made its debut in Asia in early 2018, and the facelifted version was released in the Middle East in late 2020 under the "X-Terra" name.</span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Sales">Sales</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan_Xterra&action=edit&section=13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Sales">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Calendar year<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sales_Figures_26-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-Sales_Figures-26" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup></span></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">United States<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sales_Figures_26-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-Sales_Figures-26" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup></span></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Canada<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sales_Figures_26-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Xterra#cite_note-Sales_Figures-26" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup></span></th></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2002</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">79,779</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">N/A</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2003</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">67,799</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">N/A</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2004</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">66,690</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1,407</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2005</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">72,447</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2,799</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2006</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">62,325</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2,183</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2007</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">51,355</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1,469</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2008</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">33,579</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">800</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2009</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">16,455</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">613</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2010</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">20,523</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1,040</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2011</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">18,221</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1,258</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2012</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">18,679</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">931</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2013</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">17,766</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1,070</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2014</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">16,505</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">991</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2015</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">10,672</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1,707</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2016</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">38</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">227</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2017</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">-</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><p><span style="color: #ff00fe;"> <br /> </span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-5287985477102525042022-04-27T14:54:00.000-05:002022-05-12T12:42:25.078-05:00A to Z Challenge W is for wheelbarrow<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk0TEQ85RJ31mbyr0-KAxx1-rYmdfy27O7VpeChSuDRVWAvHBJIk0mR_ZBSpy6Tqfy5nGMjsuHUNsCm55oGKlokEgrOSuv0O07LEroDRXEyVlSUubz-k8n0mQtTeiotaKtT5b6yzWhDMpuK9-NSrVwAiUK46R6RVdeN7UJqkIuVGfFTGjjAqMJ4nh6/s201/2022-WWW.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="201" data-original-width="201" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk0TEQ85RJ31mbyr0-KAxx1-rYmdfy27O7VpeChSuDRVWAvHBJIk0mR_ZBSpy6Tqfy5nGMjsuHUNsCm55oGKlokEgrOSuv0O07LEroDRXEyVlSUubz-k8n0mQtTeiotaKtT5b6yzWhDMpuK9-NSrVwAiUK46R6RVdeN7UJqkIuVGfFTGjjAqMJ4nh6/s1600/2022-WWW.jpg" width="201" /></a></div>W is for wheelbarrow using only for the blog.<br /><br /><p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p> </p><h1 class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" id="firstHeading" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Wheelbarrow</span></h1><div class="vector-body" id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); line-height: 1.6; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="font-size: 12.88px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></div><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"> (Redirected from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheel_barrow&redirect=no" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wheel barrow">Wheel barrow</a>)</span></span></div><div id="contentSub2" style="font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;"></div><div id="jump-to-nav"></div><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#mw-head" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: block; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute !important; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Jump to navigation</span></a><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#searchInput" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: block; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute !important; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Jump to search</span></a><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">For the remotely controlled vehicle used in bomb disposal, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow_(robot)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wheelbarrow (robot)">Wheelbarrow (robot)</a>. For the aviation risk, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel-barrowing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wheel-barrowing">Wheel-barrowing</a>.</span></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2008-07-15_Construction_wheelbarrow_at_Duke.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2592" data-file-width="3888" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2008-07-15_Construction_wheelbarrow_at_Duke.jpg/220px-2008-07-15_Construction_wheelbarrow_at_Duke.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2008-07-15_Construction_wheelbarrow_at_Duke.jpg/330px-2008-07-15_Construction_wheelbarrow_at_Duke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2008-07-15_Construction_wheelbarrow_at_Duke.jpg/440px-2008-07-15_Construction_wheelbarrow_at_Duke.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2008-07-15_Construction_wheelbarrow_at_Duke.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">A common wheelbarrow.</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">A <b>wheelbarrow</b> is a small hand-propelled vehicle, usually with just one <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wheel">wheel</a>, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles at the rear, or by a sail to push the ancient wheelbarrow by wind. The term "wheelbarrow" is made of two words: "wheel" and "barrow." "Barrow" is a derivation of the Old English "barew" which was a device used for carrying loads.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The wheelbarrow is designed to distribute the weight of its load between the wheel and the operator, so enabling the convenient carriage of heavier and bulkier loads than would be possible were the weight carried entirely by the operator. As such it is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever#Classes_of_levers" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lever">second-class lever</a>. Traditional Chinese wheelbarrows, however, had a central wheel supporting the whole load. Use of wheelbarrows is common in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Construction">construction</a> industry and in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardening" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gardening">gardening</a>. Typical capacity is approximately 100 litres (3.53 cubic feet) of material.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">A two-wheel type is more stable on level ground, while the almost universal one-wheel type has better <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maneuverability" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Maneuverability">maneuverability</a> in small spaces, on planks, in water, or when tilted ground would throw the load off balance. The use of one wheel also permits greater control of the deposition of the load upon emptying.</span></p><div aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" class="toc" id="toc" role="navigation" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: table; font-size: 13.3px; padding: 7px;"><input class="toctogglecheckbox" id="toctogglecheckbox" role="button" style="display: none; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; z-index: -1;" type="checkbox" /><div class="toctitle" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 13.3px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan" style="font-size: 12.502px;"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="cursor: pointer;"></label></span></span></div><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#History" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#China" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">China</span></span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#Centrally_mounted_wheel" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Centrally mounted wheel</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#Chinese_sailing_carriage" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Chinese sailing carriage</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#Ancient_Greece_and_Rome" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Ancient Greece and Rome</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#Medieval_Europe" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Medieval Europe</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#Modern_wheelbarrows" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Modern wheelbarrows</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#Modern_variations" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Modern variations</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#See_also" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#References" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#External_links" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></span></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheelbarrow&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="China">China</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheelbarrow&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: China">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wine_shop,_China,_collected_at_Yihe,_Pehgzhou_City,_Eastern_Han_dynasty,_25-220_AD,_tomb_tile_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu,_China_-_DSC04779.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2870" data-file-width="5010" decoding="async" height="126" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Wine_shop%2C_China%2C_collected_at_Yihe%2C_Pehgzhou_City%2C_Eastern_Han_dynasty%2C_25-220_AD%2C_tomb_tile_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu%2C_China_-_DSC04779.jpg/220px-Wine_shop%2C_China%2C_collected_at_Yihe%2C_Pehgzhou_City%2C_Eastern_Han_dynasty%2C_25-220_AD%2C_tomb_tile_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu%2C_China_-_DSC04779.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Wine_shop%2C_China%2C_collected_at_Yihe%2C_Pehgzhou_City%2C_Eastern_Han_dynasty%2C_25-220_AD%2C_tomb_tile_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu%2C_China_-_DSC04779.jpg/330px-Wine_shop%2C_China%2C_collected_at_Yihe%2C_Pehgzhou_City%2C_Eastern_Han_dynasty%2C_25-220_AD%2C_tomb_tile_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu%2C_China_-_DSC04779.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Wine_shop%2C_China%2C_collected_at_Yihe%2C_Pehgzhou_City%2C_Eastern_Han_dynasty%2C_25-220_AD%2C_tomb_tile_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu%2C_China_-_DSC04779.jpg/440px-Wine_shop%2C_China%2C_collected_at_Yihe%2C_Pehgzhou_City%2C_Eastern_Han_dynasty%2C_25-220_AD%2C_tomb_tile_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu%2C_China_-_DSC04779.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wine_shop,_China,_collected_at_Yihe,_Pehgzhou_City,_Eastern_Han_dynasty,_25-220_AD,_tomb_tile_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu,_China_-_DSC04779.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> tomb brick showing a wheelbarrow</span></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brewing,_China,_collected_at_Xinnong,_Xindu_District,_Chengdu_City,_Eastern_Han_dynasty,_25-220_AD,_tomb_tile_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu,_China_-_DSC04786.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3270" data-file-width="5206" decoding="async" height="138" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Brewing%2C_China%2C_collected_at_Xinnong%2C_Xindu_District%2C_Chengdu_City%2C_Eastern_Han_dynasty%2C_25-220_AD%2C_tomb_tile_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu%2C_China_-_DSC04786.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Brewing%2C_China%2C_collected_at_Xinnong%2C_Xindu_District%2C_Chengdu_City%2C_Eastern_Han_dynasty%2C_25-220_AD%2C_tomb_tile_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu%2C_China_-_DSC04786.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Brewing%2C_China%2C_collected_at_Xinnong%2C_Xindu_District%2C_Chengdu_City%2C_Eastern_Han_dynasty%2C_25-220_AD%2C_tomb_tile_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu%2C_China_-_DSC04786.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brewing,_China,_collected_at_Xinnong,_Xindu_District,_Chengdu_City,_Eastern_Han_dynasty,_25-220_AD,_tomb_tile_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu,_China_-_DSC04786.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> tomb brick showing a wheelbarrow</span></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheep_wine_vessel_and_wine_shop,_China,_collected_at_Shenping,_Pengzhou_City,_Eastern_Han_dynasty,_25-220_AD,_tomb_tile_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu,_China_-_DSC04782.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3422" data-file-width="5321" decoding="async" height="141" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sheep_wine_vessel_and_wine_shop%2C_China%2C_collected_at_Shenping%2C_Pengzhou_City%2C_Eastern_Han_dynasty%2C_25-220_AD%2C_tomb_tile_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu%2C_China_-_DSC04782.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sheep_wine_vessel_and_wine_shop%2C_China%2C_collected_at_Shenping%2C_Pengzhou_City%2C_Eastern_Han_dynasty%2C_25-220_AD%2C_tomb_tile_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu%2C_China_-_DSC04782.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sheep_wine_vessel_and_wine_shop%2C_China%2C_collected_at_Shenping%2C_Pengzhou_City%2C_Eastern_Han_dynasty%2C_25-220_AD%2C_tomb_tile_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu%2C_China_-_DSC04782.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheep_wine_vessel_and_wine_shop,_China,_collected_at_Shenping,_Pengzhou_City,_Eastern_Han_dynasty,_25-220_AD,_tomb_tile_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu,_China_-_DSC04782.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Eastern Han tomb brick showing a wheelbarrow</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The earliest wheelbarrows with archaeological evidence in the form of a one-wheel cart come from second century <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynasty" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Han Dynasty">Han Dynasty</a> Emperor Hui's tomb <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mural">murals</a> and brick tomb <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Relief">reliefs</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_263_267_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_263_267-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> The painted tomb mural of a man pushing a wheelbarrow was found in a tomb at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> province, dated precisely to 118 AD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_265_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_265-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> The stone carved relief of a man pushing a wheelbarrow was found in the tomb of Shen Fujun in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_province" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sichuan province">Sichuan province</a>, dated circa 150 AD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_264-265_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_264-265-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> And then there is the story of the pious <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Yuan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dong Yuan">Dong Yuan</a> pushing his father around in a single-wheel <i>lu che</i> barrow, depicted in a mural of the Wu Liang tomb-shrine of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> (dated to 147 AD).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_263_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_263-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> Earlier accounts dating to the 1st century BC and 1st century AD that mention a "deer cart" (luche) might also have been referencing a wheelbarrow.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_265_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_265-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The 5th-century <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Later_Han" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Book of Later Han">Book of Later Han</a></i> stated that the wife of the once poor and youthful <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Censorate">imperial censor</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bao_Xuan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bao Xuan">Bao Xuan</a> helped him push a <i>lu che</i> back to his village during their feeble wedding ceremony, around 30 BC.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_265_2-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_265-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> Later, during the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimei" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chimei">Red Eyebrows Rebellion</a> (c. 20 AD) against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xin_dynasty" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Xin dynasty">Xin dynasty</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Mang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wang Mang">Wang Mang</a> (45 BC–23 AD), the official <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Xi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zhao Xi">Zhao Xi</a> saved his wife from danger by disguising himself and pushing her along in his <i>lu che</i> barrow, past a group of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Outlaw">brigand</a> rebels who questioned him, and allowed him to pass after he convinced them that his wife was terribly ill.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_265_2-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_265-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> The first recorded description of a wheelbarrow appears in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xiang_(scholar)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Liu Xiang (scholar)">Liu Xiang</a>'s work <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographies_of_the_Immortals" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biographies of the Immortals">Lives of Famous Immortals</a></i>. Liu describes the invention of the wheelbarrow by the legendary Chinese mythological figure Ko Yu, who builds a "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooden_ox" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wooden ox">Wooden ox</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Nevertheless, the Chinese historical text of the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Sanguozhi</a></i> (Records of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a>), compiled by the ancient historian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Shou" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chen Shou">Chen Shou</a> (233–297 AD), credits the invention of the wheelbarrow to Prime Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuge_Liang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zhuge Liang">Zhuge Liang</a> (181–234 AD) of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_Han" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shu Han">Shu Han</a> from 197–234.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_259_260_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_259_260-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> It was written that in 231 AD, Zhuge Liang developed the vehicle of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooden_ox" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wooden ox">wooden ox</a> and used it as a transport for military supplies in a campaign against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Wei" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_260_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_260-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></span></p><h4 style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Centrally_mounted_wheel">Centrally mounted wheel</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheelbarrow&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Centrally mounted wheel">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h4><div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qingming_Festival_Detail_7.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="202" data-file-width="540" decoding="async" height="82" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Qingming_Festival_Detail_7.jpg/220px-Qingming_Festival_Detail_7.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Qingming_Festival_Detail_7.jpg/330px-Qingming_Festival_Detail_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Qingming_Festival_Detail_7.jpg/440px-Qingming_Festival_Detail_7.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qingming_Festival_Detail_7.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The one-wheeled Chinese wheelbarrow, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Zeduan" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zhang Zeduan">Zhang Zeduan</a>'s (1085–1145) painting <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Along_the_River_During_Qingming_Festival" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Along the River During Qingming Festival">Along the River During Qingming Festival</a></i>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Dynasty" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Song Dynasty">Song Dynasty</a>.</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Further annotations of the text by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pei_Songzhi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pei Songzhi">Pei Songzhi</a> (430 AD) described the design in detail as a large single central wheel and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Axle">axle</a> around which a wooden frame was constructed in representation of an ox.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_260_7-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_260-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> Writing later in the 11th century, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Dynasty" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Song Dynasty">Song Dynasty</a> (960–1279) scholar Gao Cheng wrote that the small wheelbarrow of his day, with shafts pointing forward (so that it was pulled), was the direct descendant of Zhuge Liang's wooden ox.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_262_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_262-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> Furthermore, he pointed out that the third century 'gliding horse' wheelbarrow featured the simple difference of the shaft pointing backwards (so that it was pushed instead).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_262_8-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_262-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Wheelbarrows in China came in two types. The more common type after the third century has a large, centrally mounted wheel. Prior types were universally front-wheeled wheelbarrows.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-M._J._T._Lewis,_p.453_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-M._J._T._Lewis,_p.453-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> The central-wheeled wheelbarrow could generally transport six human passengers at once, and instead of a laborious amount of energy exacted upon the animal or human driver pulling the wheelbarrow, the weight of the burden was distributed equally between the wheel and the puller.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_258_259_10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_258_259-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> European visitors to China from the 17th century onwards had an appreciation for this, and it was given a considerable amount of attention by a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Everardus_van_Braam_Houckgeest" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest">Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest</a>, in his writings of 1797 (who accurately described its design and ability to hold large amounts of heavy baggage).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_259_11-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_259-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> These wheelbarrows continued in use into the twentieth century, and a good example of this is the 'Piepkar', which is a wheelbarrow on rails, and was found in Sumatra on Billiton Island.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sailing_wheelbarrows_in_20th_C_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-Sailing_wheelbarrows_in_20th_C-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> However, the lower carrying surface made the European wheelbarrow clearly more useful for short-haul work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> As of the 1960s, traditional wheelbarrows in China were still in wide use.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></span></p><h4 style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Chinese_sailing_carriage">Chinese sailing carriage</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheelbarrow&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Chinese sailing carriage">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h4><div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sail_assisted_wheelbarrows_(2).jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1150" data-file-width="1469" decoding="async" height="172" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sail_assisted_wheelbarrows_%282%29.jpg/220px-Sail_assisted_wheelbarrows_%282%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sail_assisted_wheelbarrows_%282%29.jpg/330px-Sail_assisted_wheelbarrows_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sail_assisted_wheelbarrows_%282%29.jpg/440px-Sail_assisted_wheelbarrows_%282%29.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sail_assisted_wheelbarrows_(2).jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Wheelbarrows near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, c.1905 by Baptist missionary John Shields</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Although there are records of Chinese <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_carriage" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sailing carriage">sailing carriages</a> from the 6th century<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> these <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_sailing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Land sailing">land sailing</a> vehicles were not wheelbarrows, and the date of which the sail assisted wheelbarrow was invented is uncertain.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> Engravings are found in van Braam Houckgeest's 1797 book.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">European interest in the Chinese sailing carriage is also seen in the writings of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Everardus_van_Braam_Houckgeest" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest">Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest</a> in 1797, who wrote:</span></p><blockquote style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Near the southern border of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> one finds a kind of wheelbarrow much larger than that which I have been describing, and drawn by a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Horse">horse</a> or a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mule" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mule">mule</a>. But judge by my surprise when today I saw a whole <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_fleet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fishing fleet">fleet</a> of wheelbarrows of the same size. I say, with deliberation, a fleet, for each of them had a sail, mounted on a small mast exactly fixed in a socket arranged at the forward end of the barrow. The sail, made of matting, or more often of cloth, is five or six feet (152 or 183 cm) high, and three or four feet (91 or 122 cm) broad, with stays, sheets, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halyard" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Halyard">halyards</a>, just as on a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_(ship)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Junk (ship)">Chinese ship</a>. The sheets join the shafts of the wheelbarrow and can thus be manipulated by the man in charge.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_274_18-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_274-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></span></p></blockquote><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancient_Greece_and_Rome">Ancient Greece and Rome</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheelbarrow&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece and Rome">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">M. J. T. Lewis surmised the wheelbarrow may have existed in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> in the form of a one-wheel <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cart" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cart">cart</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> Two building material inventories for 408/407 and 407/406 B.C. from the temple of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleusis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a> list, among other machines and tools, "1 body for a one-wheeler (hyperteria monokyklou)",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> although there is no evidence to prove this hypothesis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Classical_World_2006_21-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-The_Classical_World_2006-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup>(<i>ὑπερτηρία μονοκύκλου</i> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>):</span></p><blockquote style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Since dikyklos (<i>δίκυκλος</i>) and tetrakyklos (<i>τετράκυκλος</i>) mean nothing but "two-wheeler" and "four-wheeler," and since the monokyklos (<i>μονόκυκλος</i>) body is sandwiched in the Eleusis inventory between a four-wheeler body and its four wheels, to take it as anything but a one-wheeler strains credulity far beyond breaking point. It can only be a wheelbarrow, necessarily guided and balanced by a man...what does now emerge as certainty is that the wheelbarrow did not, as is universally claimed, make its European debut in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. It was there some sixteen centuries before.</span></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">M. J. T. Lewis admits that the current consensus among technology historians, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Gille_(historian)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bertrand Gille (historian)">Bertrand Gille</a>, Andrea Matthies, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Needham" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joseph Needham">Joseph Needham</a>, is that the wheelbarrow was invented in China around 100 AD and spread to the rest of world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> However, Lewis proposes that the wheelbarrow could have also existed in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-M._J._T._Lewis,_p.453_9-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-M._J._T._Lewis,_p.453-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup> Based on the Eleusis list, Lewis states that it is possible that wheelbarrows were used on Greek construction sites, but admits that evidence for the wheelbarrow in ancient farming and mining is absent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-M._J._T._Lewis,_p.453_9-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-M._J._T._Lewis,_p.453-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> He surmised that wheelbarrows were not uncommon on Greek construction sites for carrying moderately light loads. He speculates the possibility of wheelbarrows in the Roman Empire and the later Eastern Roman, or Byzantine Empire, although Lewis concludes that the evidence is scarce, and that "most of this scenario, perforce, is pure speculation."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup> The 4th century <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Augusta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a> reports emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> to have used a wheelbarrow (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <i>pabillus</i> from <i>pabo</i>, one-wheeled vehicle<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup>) to transport women in his frivolous games at court.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> While the present evidence does not indicate any use of wheelbarrows into medieval times, the question of continuity in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> is still open, due to a lack of research yet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-M._J._T._Lewis,_p.453_9-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-M._J._T._Lewis,_p.453-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> Currently, there is no evidence for the wheelbarrow in ancient Greece and Rome.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Classical_World_2006_21-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-The_Classical_World_2006-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Medieval_Europe">Medieval Europe</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheelbarrow&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Medieval Europe">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modeles_brouettes.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="741" data-file-width="541" decoding="async" height="301" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Modeles_brouettes.jpg/220px-Modeles_brouettes.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Modeles_brouettes.jpg/330px-Modeles_brouettes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Modeles_brouettes.jpg/440px-Modeles_brouettes.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modeles_brouettes.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Types of medieval wheelbarrows</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The first wheelbarrows in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Europe" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Medieval Europe">medieval Europe</a> appeared sometime between 1170 and 1250. These types universally featured a wheel at or near the front (in contrast to their Chinese counterparts, which typically had a wheel in the center of the barrow),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> the arrangement now universally found on wheelbarrows.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Research on the early history of the wheelbarrow is made difficult by the marked absence of a common terminology. The historian of technology M.J.T. Lewis has identified in English and French sources four mentions of wheelbarrows between 1172 and 1222, three of them designated with a different term.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup> According to the medieval art historian Andrea Matthies, the first archival reference to a wheelbarrow in medieval Europe is dated 1222, specifying the purchase of several wheelbarrows for the English king's works at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dover">Dover</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> The first depiction appears in an English manuscript, Matthew Paris's <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitae_duorum_Offarum" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vitae duorum Offarum">Vitae duorum Offarum</a></i>, completed in 1250.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">By the 13th century, the wheelbarrow proved useful in building construction, mining operations, and agriculture. However, going by surviving documents and illustrations the wheelbarrow remained a relative rarity until the 15th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup> It also seemed to be limited to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="England">England</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="France">France</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The oldest wheelbarrows preserved from Central Europe were found in 2014 and 2017 during <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Excavation (archaeology)">archaeological excavations</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingolstadt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a>, Germany. The felling dates of the trees that make up the wheelbarrow boards could be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrochronology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dendrochronology">dendrochronologically</a> dated to 1537 for one wheelbarrow and the 1530s for the other.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_wheelbarrows">Modern wheelbarrows</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheelbarrow&action=edit&section=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Modern wheelbarrows">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Modern day wheelbarrows are generally made from plastic or metal<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-What_Wheelbarrows_are_made_from_36-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-What_Wheelbarrows_are_made_from-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup> and generally come with either a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tire">pneumatic tyre, semi-pneumatic tyres, or solid tyre</a>. Modern wheelbarrows come in four standard shapes, the home gardener shallow-tray variety, the builder’s barrow, the square tray utility barrow<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Shapes_of_wheelbarrows_37-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-Shapes_of_wheelbarrows-37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup> and the brick barrow.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Brickbarrow_Shape_38-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-Brickbarrow_Shape-38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Plastic wheelbarrows can be beneficial as they are light in weight reducing physical demand on the user. But plastic wheelbarrows are also suited to lighter loads.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Plastic_and_metal_wheelbarrow_39-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-Plastic_and_metal_wheelbarrow-39" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Steel wheel barrows can handle heavier loads with carrying capacities of up to 110 l (4 cu ft) wet, or 160 l (6 cu ft) dry.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Load_capacity_of_steel_wheelbarrows_40-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-Load_capacity_of_steel_wheelbarrows-40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup> Steel wheelbarrows more effectively transport heavy, jagged material without damaging the wheelbarrow and are often better suited to construction applications.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Suitability_of_metal_wheelbarrows_to_construction_41-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-Suitability_of_metal_wheelbarrows_to_construction-41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_variations">Modern variations</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheelbarrow&action=edit&section=8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Modern variations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_wheelbarrow.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3024" data-file-width="4032" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_wheelbarrow.jpg/220px-Black_wheelbarrow.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_wheelbarrow.jpg/330px-Black_wheelbarrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_wheelbarrow.jpg/440px-Black_wheelbarrow.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_wheelbarrow.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">A black wheelbarrow</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In the 1970s, British inventor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dyson" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James Dyson">James Dyson</a> introduced the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballbarrow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ballbarrow">Ballbarrow</a>, an injection molded plastic wheelbarrow with a spherical ball on the front end instead of a wheel. Compared to a conventional design, the larger surface area of the ball made the wheelbarrow easier to use in soft soil, and more laterally stable with heavy loads on uneven ground.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The Honda HPE60, an electric power-assisted wheelbarrow, was produced in 1998.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-43" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup></span></p><div style="clear: both;"></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Power assisted wheelbarrows are now widely available from a number of different manufacturers. Powered wheelbarrows are used in a range of applications; the technology has improved to enable them to take much heavier loads, beyond weights that a human could transport alone without assistance. Motorized wheelbarrows are generally either diesel powered or electric battery powered. Often used in small-scale construction applications where access for larger plant machinery might be restricted.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow#cite_note-44" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[44</a></sup></span></p></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-15618531457579172982022-04-27T14:22:00.000-05:002022-05-12T12:42:25.222-05:00A to Z Challenge V is for VolksWagen<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe9zqG34SofVU4v3ckO3NYQS93HGNGTdjXs_TSpZ-6vXSeKRaUHnqQIJ1IEcef0r9WmXOKWwW3_IwmL7hw4hVGVz8NECjfhHdThl6Kvlw-AHL2_6_yjlfV-C3rUPrQmhmq8SaPXVnobTsOOjA1dQBFxYveVQKmrrr__Pgg7LkjC4nuJj2nCyX_2ipp/s201/2022-VVV.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="201" data-original-width="201" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe9zqG34SofVU4v3ckO3NYQS93HGNGTdjXs_TSpZ-6vXSeKRaUHnqQIJ1IEcef0r9WmXOKWwW3_IwmL7hw4hVGVz8NECjfhHdThl6Kvlw-AHL2_6_yjlfV-C3rUPrQmhmq8SaPXVnobTsOOjA1dQBFxYveVQKmrrr__Pgg7LkjC4nuJj2nCyX_2ipp/s1600/2022-VVV.jpg" width="201" /></a></div><br /> V is for volkswagen<p></p><p>used only for my blog not my written work</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><h1 class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" id="firstHeading" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen</span></h1><div class="vector-body" id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); line-height: 1.6; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="font-size: 12.88px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></div><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;"></div><div id="contentSub2" style="font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;"></div><div id="jump-to-nav"></div><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#mw-head" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: block; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute !important; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Jump to navigation</span></a><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#searchInput" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: block; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute !important; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Jump to search</span></a><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">"VW" redirects here. For other uses, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VW_(disambiguation)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="VW (disambiguation)">VW (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: -0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">This article is about Volkswagen Passenger Cars. For the parent group, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a>. For Volkswagen vans, trucks and buses, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Commercial_Vehicles" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles">Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles</a>.</span></div><table class="infobox vcard" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 15.4px; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen</span></caption><tbody><tr><td class="infobox-image logo" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="Volkswagen logo 2019.svg" data-file-height="1024" data-file-width="1024" decoding="async" height="150" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg/150px-Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg/225px-Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg/300px-Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Type</span></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brand"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Brand</span></a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Industry</span></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Automotive industry"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Automotive</span></a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Founded</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">28 May 1937<span class="noprint">; 84 years ago</span></span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Founder</span></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Labour_Front" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="German Labour Front"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">German Labour Front</span></a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Headquarters</span></th><td class="infobox-data adr" style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><div class="locality" style="display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsburg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></div>, <div class="country-name" style="display: inline;">Germany</div></span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.1em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Area served</span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Worldwide</span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.1em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Key people</span></div></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Ralf Brandstaetter (brand <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="CEO">CEO</a>)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-1" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent_company" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parent company"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Parent</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Group"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen Group</span></a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Website</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="https://www.vw.com/en.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?48e54") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">vw.com</span></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><b>Volkswagen</b> (<small style="font-size: 11.9px;">German: </small><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none !important;" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈfɔlksˌvaːɡn̩]</a></span> <span class="nowrap" style="font-size: 11.9px; white-space: nowrap;">(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="margin-right: 0.25em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Volkswagen.ogg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="About this sound"><img alt="" data-file-height="20" data-file-width="20" decoding="async" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="11" /></a></span><a class="internal" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/De-Volkswagen.ogg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="De-Volkswagen.ogg">listen</a></span></span>)</span>;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[Note 1]</a></sup> shortened to <b>VW</b> <small style="font-size: 11.9px;"></small><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none !important;" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[faʊˈveː]</a></span> <span class="nowrap" style="font-size: 11.9px; white-space: nowrap;">(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="margin-right: 0.25em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-VW.ogg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="About this sound"><img alt="" data-file-height="20" data-file-width="20" decoding="async" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="11" /></a></span><a class="internal" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/De-VW.ogg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="De-VW.ogg">listen</a></span></span>)</span>) is a German <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Automotive industry">motor vehicle manufacturer</a> headquartered in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsburg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, Germany. Founded in 1937 by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Labour_Front" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="German Labour Front">German Labour Front</a>, known for their iconic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Beetle</a>, it is the flagship <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brand">brand</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a>, the largest car maker by worldwide sales in 2016 and 2017.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> The group's biggest market is in China, which delivers 40% of its sales and profits.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> The German term <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volk" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volk">Volk</a></i> translates to "people", thus <i>Volkswagen</i> translates to "people's car".</span></p><div aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" class="toc" id="toc" role="navigation" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: table; font-size: 13.3px; padding: 7px;"><input class="toctogglecheckbox" id="toctogglecheckbox" role="button" style="display: none; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; z-index: -1;" type="checkbox" /><div class="toctitle" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 13.3px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan" style="font-size: 12.502px;"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="cursor: pointer;"></label></span></span></div><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#History" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#1932%E2%80%931940:_People's_Car_project" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">1932–1940: People's Car project</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#1939%E2%80%931944:_Wartime_production_and_concentration_camp_labour" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">1939–1944: Wartime production and concentration camp labour</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#1945%E2%80%931948:_British_Army_intervention" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">1945–1948: British Army intervention</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#1948%E2%80%931961:_Icon_of_post_war_West_Germany" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">1948–1961: Icon of post war West Germany</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#1961%E2%80%931973:_Beetle_to_Golf" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">1961–1973: Beetle to Golf</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#1974%E2%80%931990:_Product_line_expansion" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">1974–1990: Product line expansion</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#1991%E2%80%931999" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">1991–1999</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#2000%E2%80%932016:_Further_expansion" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2000–2016: Further expansion</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#2017%E2%80%93present:_Focus_on_electric_vehicles" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2017–present: Focus on electric vehicles</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Operations" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Operations</span></span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#International_properties" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">International properties</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Working_conditions" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Working conditions</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Relationship_with_Porsche_and_the_Volkswagen_Law" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Relationship with Porsche and the Volkswagen Law</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Product_line" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Product line</span></span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Hatchbacks" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Hatchbacks</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#SUVs/crossovers" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">SUVs/crossovers</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Regional_models" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Regional models</span></span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Chinese_market" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Chinese market</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Brazilian_market" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.3.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Brazilian market</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Environment-friendly_vehicles" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Environment-friendly vehicles</span></span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Pure_ethanol_vehicles" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Pure ethanol vehicles</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Flexible-fuel_vehicles" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.4.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Flexible-fuel vehicles</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Hybrid_vehicles" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.4.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Hybrid vehicles</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Plug-in_electric_vehicles" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.4.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Plug-in electric vehicles</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Flying_vehicles" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Flying vehicles</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Controversies" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Controversies</span></span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Environmental_record" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Environmental record</span></span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#US_diesel_emission_fraud" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">US diesel emission fraud</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Canadian_emissions_charges" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Canadian emissions charges</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Collaboration_with_dictatorship" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Collaboration with dictatorship</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#CEO_use_of_pun_on_Nazi_slogan" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">CEO use of pun on Nazi slogan</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Racist_commercial" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Racist commercial</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Accusations_of_complicity_with_human_rights_abuses_against_Uyghurs" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Accusations of complicity with human rights abuses against Uyghurs</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Awards" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Awards</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Motorsport" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Motorsport</span></span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Formula_racing" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Formula racing</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#World_Rally_Championship" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">World Rally Championship</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Dakar_Rally" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Dakar Rally</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Volkswagen_motorsport_worldwide" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Volkswagen motorsport worldwide</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Literature" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Literature</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#See_also" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Further_reading" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Further reading</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#Notes" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Notes</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#References" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">11</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#External_links" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">12</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></span></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span id="1932.E2.80.931940:_People.27s_Car_project"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1932–1940:_People's_Car_project">1932–1940: People's Car project</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: 1932–1940: People's Car project">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Porsche_Typ12_Model_Nuremberg_crop.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1445" data-file-width="2463" decoding="async" height="129" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Porsche_Typ12_Model_Nuremberg_crop.jpg/220px-Porsche_Typ12_Model_Nuremberg_crop.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Porsche_Typ12_Model_Nuremberg_crop.jpg/330px-Porsche_Typ12_Model_Nuremberg_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Porsche_Typ12_Model_Nuremberg_crop.jpg/440px-Porsche_Typ12_Model_Nuremberg_crop.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Porsche_Typ12_Model_Nuremberg_crop.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Model of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Porsche">Porsche</a> Type 12 (Zündapp), Museum of Industrial Culture, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen was established in 1937 by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Labour_Front" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="German Labour Front">German Labour Front</a> (<i>Deutsche Arbeitsfront</i>) in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-chronicle_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-chronicle-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> In the early 1930s, cars were a luxury – most Germans could afford nothing more elaborate than a motorcycle and only one German out of 50 owned a car. Seeking a potential new market, some car makers began independent "people's car" projects – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_130" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mercedes-Benz 130">Mercedes 170H</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_3/15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="BMW 3/15">BMW 3/15</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adler_2.5-litre" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adler 2.5-litre">Adler AutoBahn</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steyr_50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Steyr 50">Steyr 55</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanomag" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hanomag">Hanomag</a> 1.3L, among others.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The growing trend was not nascent; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bar%C3%A9nyi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Béla Barényi">Béla Barényi</a>, a pioneering automotive engineer, is credited as already having conceived the basic design during the mid-1920s. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Ganz" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Josef Ganz">Josef Ganz</a> developed the Standard Superior (going as far as advertising it as the "German Volkswagen"). In Germany, the company <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanomag" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hanomag">Hanomag</a> mass-produced the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanomag_2/10_PS" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hanomag 2/10 PS">2/10 PS</a> "Kommissbrot", a small, cheap rear-engined car, from 1925 to 1928.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> Also, in Czechoslovakia, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Ledwinka" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hans Ledwinka">Hans Ledwinka</a>'s penned <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_T77" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tatra T77">Tatra T77</a>, a very popular car amongst the German elite, was becoming smaller and more affordable at each revision. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ferdinand Porsche">Ferdinand Porsche</a>, a well-known designer for high-end vehicles and race cars, had been trying for years to get a manufacturer interested in a small car suitable for a family. He built a car named the "Volksauto" from the ground up in 1933, using many popular ideas and several of his own, putting together a car with an air-cooled rear <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Reciprocating_engines" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Internal combustion engine">engine</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_bar_suspension" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Torsion bar suspension">torsion bar suspension</a>, and a "beetle" shape, the front bonnet rounded for better <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aerodynamic">aerodynamics</a> (necessary as it had a small engine).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SmallWonder_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-SmallWonder-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></span></p><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 132px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VW_logo_1937_to_1939.svg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="500" decoding="async" height="130" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/VW_logo_1937_to_1939.svg/130px-VW_logo_1937_to_1939.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/VW_logo_1937_to_1939.svg/195px-VW_logo_1937_to_1939.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/VW_logo_1937_to_1939.svg/260px-VW_logo_1937_to_1939.svg.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="130" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VW_logo_during_the_1930s.svg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">VW logo during the 1930s, initials surrounded by a stylised cogwheel and a spinning propeller that looked like a swastika<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Spiegel_9-0" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-Spiegel-9" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 1934, with many of the above projects still in development or early stages of production, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> became involved, ordering the production of a basic vehicle capable of transporting two adults and three children at 100 km/h (62 mph). He wanted a car every German family would be able to afford.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SmallWonder_8-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-SmallWonder-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> The "People's Car" would be available through a savings plan at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsmark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reichsmark">RM</a>990 (US$396 in 1938)—about the price of a small motorcycle (the average income being around RM32 a week).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RiseFall_10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-RiseFall-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LastBeet_11-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-LastBeet-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">It soon became apparent that private industry could not turn out a car for only RM990. Thus, Hitler chose to sponsor an all-new, state-owned factory using Ferdinand Porsche's design (with some of Hitler's design suggestions, including an air-cooled engine so nothing could freeze). The intention was that German families could buy the car through a savings scheme (<i>"<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fünf Mark die Woche musst du sparen, willst du im eigenen Wagen fahren</i></span>" – "Five Marks a week you must set aside, if in your own car you wish to ride</i>"), which around 336,000 people eventually paid into.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> However, the project was not commercially viable, and only government support was able to keep it afloat.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[Note 2]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Prototypes of the car called the "KdF-Wagen" (German: <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_Through_Joy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Strength Through Joy">Kraft durch Freude</a></i> – "Strength through Joy") appeared from 1938 onwards (the first cars had been produced in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>). The car already had its distinctive round shape and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-cooled_engine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Air-cooled engine">air-cooled</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Flat-4">flat-four</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear-engine_design" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rear-engine design">rear-mounted engine</a>. The VW car was just one of many <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_Through_Joy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Strength Through Joy">KdF</a> programs, which included things such as tours and outings. The prefix <i>Volks—</i> ("People's") was not just applied to cars, but also to other products in Germany; the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksempf%C3%A4nger" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volksempfänger">Volksempfänger</a>" radio receiver for instance. On 28 May 1937, <i>Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH</i> ("Company for the Preparation of the German Volkswagen Ltd."), or <i>Gezuvor</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-porsche-75_15-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-porsche-75-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> for short, was established by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Arbeitsfront" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Deutsche Arbeitsfront">Deutsche Arbeitsfront</a> in Berlin. More than a year later, on 16 September 1938, it was renamed to <i>Volkswagenwerk <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GmbH" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="GmbH">GmbH</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Odin,_L.C._2015_16-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-Odin,_L.C._2015-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></span></p><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VW_Typ_83_vr.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1804" data-file-width="2187" decoding="async" height="181" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/VW_Typ_83_vr.jpg/220px-VW_Typ_83_vr.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/VW_Typ_83_vr.jpg/330px-VW_Typ_83_vr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/VW_Typ_83_vr.jpg/440px-VW_Typ_83_vr.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VW_Typ_83_vr.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">VW Type 82E</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Komenda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Erwin Komenda">Erwin Komenda</a>, the longstanding <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_Union" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auto Union">Auto Union</a> chief designer, part of Ferdinand Porsche's hand-picked team,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SmallWonder_8-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-SmallWonder-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> developed the car body of the prototype, which was recognisably the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Beetle</a> known today. It was one of the first cars designed with the aid of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_tunnel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnel</a>—a method used for German aircraft design since the early 1920s. The car designs were put through rigorous tests and achieved a record-breaking million miles of testing before being deemed finished.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The construction of the new factory started in May 1938 in the new town of "Stadt des KdF-Wagens" (renamed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsburg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a> after the war), which had been purpose-built for the factory workers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Odin,_L.C._2015_16-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-Odin,_L.C._2015-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> This factory had only produced a handful of cars by the time war started in 1939. None were actually delivered to any holder of the completed saving stamp books, though one Type 1 Cabriolet was presented to Hitler on 20 April 1944 (his 55th birthday).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Odin,_L.C._2015_16-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-Odin,_L.C._2015-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span id="1939.E2.80.931944:_Wartime_production_and_concentration_camp_labour"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1939–1944:_Wartime_production_and_concentration_camp_labour">1939–1944: Wartime production and concentration camp labour</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: 1939–1944: Wartime production and concentration camp labour">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">War changed production to military vehicles—the Type 82 <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_K%C3%BCbelwagen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Kübelwagen">Kübelwagen</a></i> ("Bucket car") utility vehicle (VW's most common wartime model), and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_vehicle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Amphibious vehicle">amphibious</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Schwimmwagen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Schwimmwagen">Schwimmwagen</a></i>—manufactured for German forces. One of the first foreigners to drive a Volkswagen was the American war correspondent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Pyle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ernie Pyle">Ernie Pyle</a>, who had the use of a captured Volkswagen for a few days after the Allied victory in Tunisia in May 1943.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> As was common with much of the production in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> during the war, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Slave">slave</a> labour was utilised in the Volkswagen plant, e.g. from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeitsdorf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arbeitsdorf">Arbeitsdorf</a> concentration camp. The company would admit in 1998 that it used 15,000 slaves during the war effort. German historians estimated that 80% of Volkswagen's wartime workforce was slave labour.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> Many of the slaves were reported to have been supplied from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a> upon request from plant managers. A lawsuit was filed in 1998 by survivors for restitution for the forced labour.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> Volkswagen would set up a voluntary restitution fund.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span id="1945.E2.80.931948:_British_Army_intervention"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1945–1948:_British_Army_intervention">1945–1948: British Army intervention</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: 1945–1948: British Army intervention">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VW_Wolfsburg.JPG" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2448" data-file-width="3264" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/VW_Wolfsburg.JPG/220px-VW_Wolfsburg.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/VW_Wolfsburg.JPG/330px-VW_Wolfsburg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/VW_Wolfsburg.JPG/440px-VW_Wolfsburg.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VW_Wolfsburg.JPG" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen industrial plant in Wolfsburg, pictured in 2006</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In April 1945, KdF-Stadt and its heavily bombed factory were captured by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Armed Forces">United States armed forces</a> and subsequently handed over to the British, within whose <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Occupation_zone_in_Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="British Occupation zone in Germany">occupation zone</a> the town and factory fell. The factory was placed under the control of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="British Army">British Army</a> officer Major <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Hirst" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ivan Hirst">Ivan Hirst</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Electrical_and_Mechanical_Engineers" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers">REME</a>, a civilian Military Governor with the occupying forces. At first, one plan was to use it for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_vehicles" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of military vehicles">military vehicle</a> maintenance, and possibly dismantle and ship it to Britain. Since it had been used for military production, (though not of KdF-Wagens) and had been in Hirst's words, a "political animal" rather than a commercial enterprise<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> – technically making it liable for destruction under the terms of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a> – the equipment could have been salvaged as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_reparations" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="War reparations">war reparations</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Allied dismantling policy changed in late 1946 to mid-1947, though heavy industry continued to be dismantled until 1951.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">One of the factory's wartime 'KdF-Wagen' cars had been taken to the factory for repairs and abandoned there. Hirst had it repainted green and demonstrated it to British Army headquarters. Short of light transport, in September 1945 the British Army was persuaded to place a vital order for 20,000 cars. However, production facilities had been massively disrupted, there was a refugee crisis at and around the factory, and some parts (such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburetor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carburetor">carburettors</a>) were unavailable. Hirst and his German assistant <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Nordhoff" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heinrich Nordhoff">Heinrich Nordhoff</a> (who went on to run the Wolfsburg facility after the military government ended in 1949) helped to stabilise the acute social situation while simultaneously re-establishing production. Hirst, for example, used his engineering experience to arrange the manufacture of carburettors, the original producers being effectively 'lost' in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="East Germany">Soviet zone</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> The first few hundred cars went to personnel from the occupying forces, and to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Post" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australia Post">Australia Post</a>. Some British <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soldier">Service personnel</a> were allowed to take their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Beetles</a> back to the United Kingdom when they were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demobilization" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Demobilization">demobilised</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-uk-import-first_23-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-uk-import-first-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (July 2017)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 1986, Hirst said that factory workers were, after many years of Nazi conditioning, initially reluctant to follow his orders; to counter this, he had his military uniform brought back from Britain and wore it in the factory, after which he reported having no problems even though he was no longer a soldier at the time but a civilian member of the military government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The post-war <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_plans_for_Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Industrial plans for Germany">industrial plans for Germany</a> set out rules that governed which industries Germany was allowed to retain. These rules set German car production at a maximum of 10% of 1936 car production.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> By 1946, the factory produced 1,000 cars a month even though it was still in disrepair. Owing to roof and window damage, production had to stop when it rained, and the company had to barter new vehicles for steel for production.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The car and its town changed their Second World War-era names to "Volkswagen" and "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsburg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a>" respectively, and production increased. It was still unclear what was to become of the factory. It was offered to representatives from the American, Australian, British, and French motor industries who all rejected it. After an inspection of the plant, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edward_Rootes,_1st_Baron_Rootes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William Edward Rootes, 1st Baron Rootes">Sir William Rootes</a>, head of the British <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootes_Group" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rootes Group">Rootes Group</a>, told Hirst the project would fail within two years, and that the car "...is quite unattractive to the average motorcar buyer, is too ugly and too noisy ... If you think you're going to build cars in this place, you're a bloody fool, young man."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The official report said: "To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Ford representatives were equally critical. In March 1948, the British offered the Volkswagen company to Ford, free of charge. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford_II" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry Ford II">Henry Ford II</a>, the son of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsel_Ford" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edsel Ford">Edsel Ford</a>, traveled to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> for discussions. Heinz Nordhoff was also present, as well as Ernest Breech, chairman of the board for Ford. Henry Ford II looked to Breech for his opinion, and Breech said, "Mr. Ford, I don't think what we're being offered here is worth a damn!"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> Ford passed on the offer, leaving Volkswagen to rebuild itself under Nordhoff's leadership.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span id="1948.E2.80.931961:_Icon_of_post_war_West_Germany"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1948–1961:_Icon_of_post_war_West_Germany">1948–1961: Icon of post war West Germany</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: 1948–1961: Icon of post war West Germany">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1949_VW_Beetle.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="450" data-file-width="600" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/1949_VW_Beetle.jpg/220px-1949_VW_Beetle.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/1949_VW_Beetle.jpg/330px-1949_VW_Beetle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/1949_VW_Beetle.jpg/440px-1949_VW_Beetle.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1949_VW_Beetle.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1949 Volkswagen "split rear window" <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan_(car)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sedan (car)">Sedan</a></span></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volkswagen_Typ_1_Cabriolet_1953.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="487" data-file-width="800" decoding="async" height="134" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Volkswagen_Typ_1_Cabriolet_1953.jpg/220px-Volkswagen_Typ_1_Cabriolet_1953.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Volkswagen_Typ_1_Cabriolet_1953.jpg/330px-Volkswagen_Typ_1_Cabriolet_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Volkswagen_Typ_1_Cabriolet_1953.jpg/440px-Volkswagen_Typ_1_Cabriolet_1953.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volkswagen_Typ_1_Cabriolet_1953.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen Cabriolet (1953)</span></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2010-05-04-VW-T1-1.JPG" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1209" data-file-width="1813" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/2010-05-04-VW-T1-1.JPG/220px-2010-05-04-VW-T1-1.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/2010-05-04-VW-T1-1.JPG/330px-2010-05-04-VW-T1-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/2010-05-04-VW-T1-1.JPG/440px-2010-05-04-VW-T1-1.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2010-05-04-VW-T1-1.JPG" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_2" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Type 2">Volkswagen Type 2</a> (T1)</span></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glj01.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="480" data-file-width="640" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Glj01.jpg/220px-Glj01.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Glj01.jpg/330px-Glj01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Glj01.jpg/440px-Glj01.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glj01.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">An original 1300 Deluxe, circa 1966.</span></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volkswagen_Beetle_successor_proposal_(1967)_which_never_got_past_the_prototype_stage.JPG" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1950" data-file-width="2730" decoding="async" height="157" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Volkswagen_Beetle_successor_proposal_%281967%29_which_never_got_past_the_prototype_stage.JPG/220px-Volkswagen_Beetle_successor_proposal_%281967%29_which_never_got_past_the_prototype_stage.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Volkswagen_Beetle_successor_proposal_%281967%29_which_never_got_past_the_prototype_stage.JPG/330px-Volkswagen_Beetle_successor_proposal_%281967%29_which_never_got_past_the_prototype_stage.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Volkswagen_Beetle_successor_proposal_%281967%29_which_never_got_past_the_prototype_stage.JPG/440px-Volkswagen_Beetle_successor_proposal_%281967%29_which_never_got_past_the_prototype_stage.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volkswagen_Beetle_successor_proposal_(1967)_which_never_got_past_the_prototype_stage.JPG" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In the later 1960s, as the worldwide demand for the Beetle finally began to diminish, a variety of successor designs were proposed and, in most cases, rejected by management.</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">From 1948, Volkswagen became an important element, symbolically and economically, of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wirtschaftswunder">West German regeneration</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 0.1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2017)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Nordhoff" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heinrich Nordhoff">Heinrich Nordhoff</a> (1899–1968), a former senior manager at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Opel">Opel</a> who had overseen civilian and military vehicle production in the 1930s and 1940s, was recruited to run the factory in 1948. In 1949, Major Hirst left the company—now re-formed as a trust controlled by the West German government and government of the State of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>. The "Beetle" sedan or "peoples' car" Volkswagen is the Type 1. Apart from the introduction of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Type 2">Volkswagen Type 2</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_vehicle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Commercial vehicle">commercial vehicle</a> (van, pick-up, and camper), and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Karmann_Ghia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Karmann Ghia">VW Karmann Ghia</a> sports car, Nordhoff pursued the one-model policy until shortly before his death in 1968.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagens were first exhibited and sold in the United States in 1949 but sold only two units in America that first year. On entry to the US market, the VW was briefly sold as a <i>Victory Wagon</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_of_America" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Group of America">Volkswagen of America</a> was formed in April 1955 to standardise sales and service in the United States. Production of the Type 1 Volkswagen Beetle increased dramatically over the years, the total reaching one million in 1955.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The UK's first official Volkswagen importer, Colborne Garages of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripley,_Surrey" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ripley, Surrey">Ripley, Surrey</a>, started business with importing parts for the models brought home by soldiers returning from Germany.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-uk-import-first_23-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-uk-import-first-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Canadian Motors, Limited brought in Canada's first shipment of Volkswagens on 10 July 1952 (shipping order 143075).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The order consisted of 12 vehicles, (3) model 11C, a black, green, and sand colour (3) 11GS, a chestnut brown and two azure blue, (2) 24A-M51 in red, (1) 21A in blue, (1) 23A in blue, (1) 22A beige colour, and one ambulance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Volkswagens were seen in Canada for the first time at the Canadian National Exhibition in August 1952 and were accepted enthusiastically. (At least one Type 2 bus from this order still exists, and is currently in France undergoing restoration).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The first shipment for Volkswagen Canada reached Toronto in early December 1952. (At least one Type 1 from this first shipment still exists, and was driven on a nationwide tour for Volkswagen Canada's 60th year of business festivities in 2012).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">By 1955, sales warranted the building of the Volkswagen plant on a 32-acre (13 ha) site on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough,_Toronto" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scarborough, Toronto">Scarborough's</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Mile,_Toronto" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Golden Mile, Toronto">Golden Mile</a>. To this, a 60,000-square-foot (5,600 m<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">2</sup>) building with administration, showrooms, service, repairs and parts was built in 1957, with storage for $4,000,000 of parts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 1959, VW started production at a plant near São Paulo in Brazil.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> Volkswagen do Brasil was accused of spying on workers during the time of the military dictatorship in the 1970s and informing police on oppositional activities. In 1976, mass arrests occurred and some VW employees were tortured. In 1979, Brazilian VW workers traveled to Wolfsburg to inform the CEO in person. In 2015, activists and former VW employees in Brazil spoke out in public accused the company's silence about the persecution of its workers. In fall 2016, VW commissioned an expert review of the situation due end of 2017.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">On 22 August 1960, <i>Volkswagenwerk GmbH</i> was renamed to <i>Volkswagenwerk AG</i>. Sales soared throughout the 1960s, peaking at the end of the decade thanks in part to the famous advertising campaigns by New York advertising agency <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDB_Worldwide" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DDB Worldwide">Doyle, Dane Bernbach</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Led by art director <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Krone" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Helmut Krone">Helmut Krone</a>, and copywriters <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Koenig" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Julian Koenig">Julian Koenig</a> and Bob Levinson, Volkswagen advertisements became<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2017)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> as popular as the car, using crisp layouts and witty copy to lure the younger, sophisticated consumers with whom the car became associated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Even though it was almost universally known as the Beetle (or the Bug), it was never officially labelled as such by the manufacturer, instead referred to as the Type 1.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Although the car was becoming outdated, during the 1960s and early 1970s, American exports, innovative advertising, and a growing reputation for reliability helped production figures surpass the levels of the previous record-holder, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a>. On 17 February 1972, the 15,007,034th Beetle was sold. Volkswagen could now claim the world production record for the most-produced, single make of car in history. By 1973, total production was over 16 million.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">To commemorate its passing the Ford Model T's record sales mark and its victories in the Baja 1000 Mexican races from 1967 to 1971, Volkswagen produced its first limited-edition Beetle. It was marketed as the "Baja Champion SE"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup> in the United States and the "Marathon" Superbeetle in the rest of the world. It featured unique "Marathon Blau" metallic blue paint, steel-pressed 10-spoke 15-inch (38 cm) magnesium-alloy wheels, a commemorative metal plate mounted on the glovebox and a certificate of authenticity presented to the original purchaser. Dealer-installed options for this limited-edition Superbeetle included the following: white stripes running the length of the rocker-panel, a special shifter knob, bumper overriders, tapered exhaust tips, fake walnut inserts in the dashboard (behind the steering wheel and the glovebox cover) as well as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Bosch</a> fog lights mounted on the front bumper.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span id="1961.E2.80.931973:_Beetle_to_Golf"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1961–1973:_Beetle_to_Golf">1961–1973: Beetle to Golf</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: 1961–1973: Beetle to Golf">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volkswagen_Type_3.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="480" data-file-width="640" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Volkswagen_Type_3.jpg/220px-Volkswagen_Type_3.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Volkswagen_Type_3.jpg/330px-Volkswagen_Type_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Volkswagen_Type_3.jpg/440px-Volkswagen_Type_3.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volkswagen_Type_3.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">A 1963 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_3" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Type 3">VW Type 3 Notchback</a></span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The 1961 Type 1 Beetle had a 36 hp 1200cc four cylinder air-cooled flat-four opposed OHV engine made of aluminium alloy block and heads. By 1966, the Type 1 came with a 1300cc engine. By 1967 the Type 1 had a 1500cc engine, and 1600cc in 1970. The air-cooled engine lost favour in the United States market with the advent of unleaded petrol and smog controls. These air-cooled engines were commonly tuned to be fuel-rich in order to control engine over-heating, and this led to excessive carbon monoxide emissions. VW production equipment was eventually moved to Mexico where vehicle emissions were not regulated. Beetles were popular on the US West Coast where the limited-capacity cabin heating was less inconvenient. Beetles were popularised on the US West Coast as beach buggies and dune buggies.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">VW expanded its product line in 1961 with the introduction of four <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Type 3">Type 3</a> models (Karmann Ghia, Notchback, Fastback, and Variant) based on the new Type 3 mechanical underpinnings. The name 'Squareback' was used in the United States for the Variant.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 1969 the larger <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Type 4">Type 4</a> (411 and 412) models were introduced. These differed substantially from previous vehicles, with the notable introduction of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocoque" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Monocoque">monocoque</a>/unibody construction, the option of a fully <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_transmission" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Automatic transmission">automatic transmission</a>, electronic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injection" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fuel injection">fuel injection</a>, and a sturdier powerplant.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 1964, Volkswagen acquired <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_Union" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auto Union">Auto Union</a>, and in 1969, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSU_Motorenwerke_AG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NSU Motorenwerke AG">NSU Motorenwerke AG</a> (NSU). The former company owned the historic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Audi">Audi</a> brand, which had disappeared after the Second World War. VW ultimately merged Auto Union and NSU to create the modern Audi company, and would go on to develop it as its <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_vehicle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Luxury vehicle">luxury vehicle</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marque" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marque">marque</a>. The purchase of Auto Union and NSU was a pivotal point in Volkswagen's history, as both companies yielded the technological expertise that proved necessary for VW to survive when demand for its air-cooled models went into decline.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen added a "Super Beetle"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> (the Type 131) to its lineup in 1971. The Type 131 differed from the standard Beetle in its use of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacPherson_strut" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="MacPherson strut">MacPherson strut</a> front <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Suspension (vehicle)">suspension</a> instead of the usual <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_beam_suspension" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Torsion beam suspension">torsion bars</a>. The Super Beetle featured a new hooded, padded dash and curved windshield (from 1973 model year on up). Rack and pinion steering replaced recirculating ball steering gears in the model year 1975 and up. The front of the car was stretched 2 inches (51 mm) to allow the spare tire to lie flat, and the combination of these two features increased the usable front luggage space.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 1973, Volkswagen introduced the military-themed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_181" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen 181">Type 181</a>, or "Trekker" in Europe, "Thing" in America, recalling the wartime Type 82. The military version was produced for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NATO">NATO</a>-era <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="German Army">German Army</a> during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> years of 1970 to 1979. The US Thing version only sold for two years, 1973 and 1974.</span></p><div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038791-0007,_Wolfsburg,_VW_Autowerk.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="510" data-file-width="800" decoding="async" height="140" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038791-0007%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038791-0007%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038791-0007%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038791-0007%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038791-0007%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038791-0007%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038791-0007,_Wolfsburg,_VW_Autowerk.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_4" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Type 4">Volkswagen Type 4</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_line" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Assembly line">assembly line</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsburg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a> as of 1973</span></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1969_Volkswagen_1600_Type_3_Squareback_(17081445566).jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3168" data-file-width="4752" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1969_Volkswagen_1600_Type_3_Squareback_%2817081445566%29.jpg/220px-1969_Volkswagen_1600_Type_3_Squareback_%2817081445566%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1969_Volkswagen_1600_Type_3_Squareback_%2817081445566%29.jpg/330px-1969_Volkswagen_1600_Type_3_Squareback_%2817081445566%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1969_Volkswagen_1600_Type_3_Squareback_%2817081445566%29.jpg/440px-1969_Volkswagen_1600_Type_3_Squareback_%2817081445566%29.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1969_Volkswagen_1600_Type_3_Squareback_(17081445566).jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1970 VW Squareback (Type III)</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">By late 1972, Volkswagen had decided to cancel the nearly finished <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volkswagen_EA266_prototype_Beetle_replacement.JPG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="File:Volkswagen EA266 prototype Beetle replacement.JPG">typ 266</a>, a project for a mid-engined car to replace the Beetle, and to focus on front-wheel-drive, water-cooled cars. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Leiding" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rudolf Leiding">Rudolf Leiding</a>, recently made head of Volkswagen, cited noise, heat, and servicing problems with the mid-engine layout, as well as the difficulty of making it a station wagon.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-zaCAR1172_33-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-zaCAR1172-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup></span></p><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vw_passat_b1_v_sst.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="768" data-file-width="1024" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vw_passat_b1_v_sst.jpg/220px-Vw_passat_b1_v_sst.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vw_passat_b1_v_sst.jpg/330px-Vw_passat_b1_v_sst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vw_passat_b1_v_sst.jpg/440px-Vw_passat_b1_v_sst.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vw_passat_b1_v_sst.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Passat">Volkswagen Passat</a> (1973–1977 model)</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen was in serious trouble by 1973.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup> The Type 3 and Type 4 models had sold in much smaller numbers than the Beetle and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSU_Motorenwerke_AG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NSU Motorenwerke AG">NSU</a>-based K70 also failed to sell. Beetle sales had started to decline rapidly in European and North American markets. The company knew that Beetle production had to end, but faced a conundrum of how to replace it. VW's ownership of Audi/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_Union" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auto Union">Auto Union</a> proved beneficial. Its expertise in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Front-wheel drive">front-wheel drive</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cooling" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Water cooling">water-cooled</a> engines would help Volkswagen produce a credible Beetle successor. Audi influences paved the way for this new generation of Volkswagens: the Passat, Scirocco, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf">Golf</a>, and Polo.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">First in the series was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Passat">Volkswagen Passat</a> (Dasher in the US), introduced in 1973, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastback" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fastback">fastback</a> version of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_80" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Audi 80">Audi 80</a>, using many identical body and mechanical parts. Estate/wagon versions were available in many markets. In Europe, the estate/wagon version dominated market share for many years.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In spring 1974, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Scirocco">Scirocco</a> followed. The coupe was designed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgetto_Giugiaro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Giorgetto Giugiaro">Giorgetto Giugiaro</a>. Based on the platform of the not yet released <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf">Golf</a>, it was built at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmann" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Karmann">Karmann</a> due to capacity constraints at Volkswagen.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The pivotal model emerged as the Volkswagen Golf in 1974, marketed in the United States and Canada as the Rabbit for the 1st generation (1975–1985) and 5th generation (2006–2009). Its angular styling was designed by the Italian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgetto_Giugiaro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Giorgetto Giugiaro">Giorgetto Giugiaro</a>. Its design followed trends for small family cars set by the 1959 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mini">Mini</a> – the Golf had a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_engine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transverse engine">transversely mounted</a>, water-cooled engine in the front, driving the front wheels, and had a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchback" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hatchback">hatchback</a>, a format that has dominated the market segment ever since. Beetle production at Wolfsburg ended upon the Golf's introduction. It continued in smaller numbers at other German factories (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emden" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emden">Emden</a>) until 1978, but mainstream production shifted to Brazil and Mexico.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 1975, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Polo">Volkswagen Polo</a> followed. It was a re-badged <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Audi 50">Audi 50</a>, which was soon discontinued in 1978. The Polo became the base of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Derby" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Derby">Volkswagen Derby</a>, which was introduced in 1977. The Derby was for all intents and purposes a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-box_styling" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Three-box styling">three-box design</a> of the Polo. After a second model generation, the Derby was discontinued in 1985, although the body style lived on in the form of the polo classic/polo saloon until 1991.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Passat, Scirocco, Golf, and Polo shared many character-defining features, as well as parts and engines. They built the basis for Volkswagen's turn-around.</span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span id="1974.E2.80.931990:_Product_line_expansion"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1974–1990:_Product_line_expansion">1974–1990: Product line expansion</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: 1974–1990: Product line expansion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VW_Polo_I_front_20090810.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1280" data-file-width="2345" decoding="async" height="120" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/VW_Polo_I_front_20090810.jpg/220px-VW_Polo_I_front_20090810.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/VW_Polo_I_front_20090810.jpg/330px-VW_Polo_I_front_20090810.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/VW_Polo_I_front_20090810.jpg/440px-VW_Polo_I_front_20090810.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VW_Polo_I_front_20090810.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo_Mk1" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Polo Mk1">Volkswagen Polo</a> (1975–1979 model)</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">While Volkswagen's range of cars soon became similar to that of other large European car makers, the Golf has been the mainstay of the Volkswagen line-up since its introduction, and the mechanical basis for several other cars of the company. There have been eight generations of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf">Volkswagen Golf</a>, the first of which was produced from the summer of 1974 until the autumn of 1983 (sold as the Rabbit in the United States and Canada and as the Caribe in Latin America). Its chassis also spawned the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Scirocco">Volkswagen Scirocco</a> sport <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coupe">coupe</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Jetta">Volkswagen Jetta</a> saloon/sedan, Volkswagen Golf <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabriolet_(automobile)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cabriolet (automobile)">Cabriolet</a> convertible, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Caddy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Caddy">Volkswagen Caddy</a> pick-up. North American production of the Rabbit commenced at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Westmoreland_Assembly_Plant" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly Plant">Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly Plant</a> near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Stanton,_Pennsylvania" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Stanton, Pennsylvania">New Stanton, Pennsylvania</a> in 1978. It would be produced in the United States as the Rabbit until the spring of 1984.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The second-generation Golf hatchback/Jetta sedan ran from October 1983 until the autumn of 1991, and a North American version produced at Westmoreland Assembly went on sale at the start of the 1985 model year. The production numbers of the first-generation Golf has continued to grow annually in South Africa as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Citi_Golf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Citi Golf">Citi Golf</a>, with only minor modifications to the interior, engine and chassis, using tooling relocated from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Stanton,_Pennsylvania" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Stanton, Pennsylvania">New Stanton, Pennsylvania</a> plant when that site began to build the Second Generation car.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In the 1980s, Volkswagen's sales in the United States and Canada fell dramatically, despite the success of models like the Golf elsewhere. Sales in the United States were 293,595 in 1980, but by 1984 they were down to 177,709.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> The introduction of the second-generation Golf, GTI and Jetta models helped Volkswagen briefly in North America. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Trend" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Motor Trend">Motor Trend</a> named the GTI its Car of the Year for 1985, and Volkswagen rose in the J.D. Power buyer satisfaction ratings to eighth place in 1985, up from 22nd a year earlier.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup> VW's American sales broke 200,000 in 1985 and 1986 before resuming the downward trend from earlier in the decade. Chairman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Hahn" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carl Hahn">Carl Hahn</a> decided to expand the company elsewhere (mostly in developing countries), and the New Stanton, Pennsylvania factory closed on 14 July 1988.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup> Meanwhile, four years after signing a cooperation agreement with the Spanish car maker SEAT in 1982, Hahn expanded the company by purchasing a majority share of SEAT up to 75% by the end of 1986, which VW bought outright in 1990.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup> On 4 July 1985, <i>Volkswagenwerk AG</i> was renamed to <i>Volkswagen AG</i>.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen entered the supermini market in 1975 with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Polo">Volkswagen Polo</a>, a stylish and spacious three-door hatchback designed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppo_Bertone" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gruppo Bertone">Bertone</a>. It was a strong seller in West Germany and most of the rest of Western Europe, being one of the first foreign small cars to prove popular in Britain. It had started out in 1974 as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Audi 50">Audi 50</a>, which was only available in certain markets and was less popular. The Polo entered a market sector already being dominated by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_127" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fiat 127">Fiat 127</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Renault 5">Renault 5</a>, and which before long would also include the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Metro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Austin Metro">Austin Metro</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Fiesta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ford Fiesta">Ford Fiesta</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 1981, the second-generation Polo launched as a hatchback (resembling a small estate car). In 1983 the range was expanded, with the introduction of a Coupe (similar to a conventional hatchback), and the Classic (a 2-door saloon).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-39" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup> The Polo's practicality, despite the lack of a five-door version, helped ensure even stronger sales than its predecessor. It continued to sell well after a makeover in 1990, finally being replaced by an all-new version in 1994.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> Also arriving in 1981 were the second generation of the larger Passat and a second generation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Scirocco">Volkswagen Scirocco</a> coupe.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 1983 the MK2 Golf was launched. At the beginning of 1988, the third generation Passat was the next major car launch and Volkswagen did not produce a hatchback version of this Passat, despite the rising popularity of the hatchback body style throughout Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Just after launching the B3 Passat, Volkswagen launched the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Corrado" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Corrado">Corrado</a>, analogous to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Scirocco">Scirocco</a>, although the Scirocco remained in production until 1992; a third generation of Scirocco was in production 2008–17.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span id="1991.E2.80.931999"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1991–1999">1991–1999</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: 1991–1999">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volkswagen_Golf_IV_3-door.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1112" data-file-width="2064" decoding="async" height="119" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Volkswagen_Golf_IV_3-door.jpg/220px-Volkswagen_Golf_IV_3-door.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Volkswagen_Golf_IV_3-door.jpg/330px-Volkswagen_Golf_IV_3-door.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Volkswagen_Golf_IV_3-door.jpg/440px-Volkswagen_Golf_IV_3-door.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volkswagen_Golf_IV_3-door.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen Golf, in North American form</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 1991, Volkswagen launched the third-generation Golf, which was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="European Car of the Year">European Car of the Year</a> for 1992. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk3">Golf Mk3</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Vento_(A3)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Vento (A3)">Jetta Mk3</a> arrived in North America in 1993. The sedan version of the Golf was badged Vento in Europe but remained Jetta in the United States. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Scirocco">Scirocco</a> and the later <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Corrado" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Corrado">Corrado</a> were both Golf-based <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup%C3%A9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coupé">coupés</a>.</span></p><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2002_Volkswagen_New_Beetle_(9C_MY02.5)_2.0_coupe_(2010-10-01)_01.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1986" data-file-width="3708" decoding="async" height="118" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/2002_Volkswagen_New_Beetle_%289C_MY02.5%29_2.0_coupe_%282010-10-01%29_01.jpg/220px-2002_Volkswagen_New_Beetle_%289C_MY02.5%29_2.0_coupe_%282010-10-01%29_01.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/2002_Volkswagen_New_Beetle_%289C_MY02.5%29_2.0_coupe_%282010-10-01%29_01.jpg/330px-2002_Volkswagen_New_Beetle_%289C_MY02.5%29_2.0_coupe_%282010-10-01%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/2002_Volkswagen_New_Beetle_%289C_MY02.5%29_2.0_coupe_%282010-10-01%29_01.jpg/440px-2002_Volkswagen_New_Beetle_%289C_MY02.5%29_2.0_coupe_%282010-10-01%29_01.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2002_Volkswagen_New_Beetle_(9C_MY02.5)_2.0_coupe_(2010-10-01)_01.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_New_Beetle" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen New Beetle">Volkswagen New Beetle</a></span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 1994, Volkswagen unveiled the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_Mays" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="J Mays">J Mays</a>-designed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_New_Beetle#Concept_1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen New Beetle">Concept One</a>, a "retro"-themed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_car" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Concept car">concept car</a> with a resemblance to the original Beetle, based on the platform of the Polo. Due to a positive response to the concept, a production version was developed as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_New_Beetle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen New Beetle">New Beetle</a>, based on the Golf's larger platform.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ltvvwc-2003_42-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-ltvvwc-2003-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 1995 the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Sharan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Sharan">Sharan</a> was launched in Europe, the result of a joint venture with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>, which also resulted in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Galaxy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ford Galaxy">Ford Galaxy</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEAT_Alhambra" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SEAT Alhambra">SEAT Alhambra</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-43" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The company's evolution of its model range was continued with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk4">Golf Mk4</a>, introduced at the end of 1997 (North America in 1999), its chassis spawned a host of other cars within the Volkswagen Group; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Bora" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Bora">Volkswagen Bora</a> (the sedan known as the Jetta in the United States), SEAT Toledo, SEAT León, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_A3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Audi A3">Audi A3</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_TT" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Audi TT">Audi TT</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Octavia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Škoda Octavia">Škoda Octavia</a>. Other main models during the decade include the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Polo">Polo</a>, a smaller car than the Golf, and the larger <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Passat">Passat</a> for the segment above the Golf.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 1998 the company launched the new <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Lupo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Lupo">Lupo</a> city car. In 1999 they announced the first "3-litre" car, a lightweight version of the Lupo that could travel 100 km with only 3-liters of diesel—making it the world's most fuel efficient car at the time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-44" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span id="2000.E2.80.932016:_Further_expansion"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="2000–2016:_Further_expansion">2000–2016: Further expansion</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: 2000–2016: Further expansion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Volkswagen_Jetta_(1KM_MY10)_118TSI_sedan_(2015-07-03)_01.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2856" data-file-width="4272" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2011_Volkswagen_Jetta_%281KM_MY10%29_118TSI_sedan_%282015-07-03%29_01.jpg/220px-2011_Volkswagen_Jetta_%281KM_MY10%29_118TSI_sedan_%282015-07-03%29_01.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2011_Volkswagen_Jetta_%281KM_MY10%29_118TSI_sedan_%282015-07-03%29_01.jpg/330px-2011_Volkswagen_Jetta_%281KM_MY10%29_118TSI_sedan_%282015-07-03%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2011_Volkswagen_Jetta_%281KM_MY10%29_118TSI_sedan_%282015-07-03%29_01.jpg/440px-2011_Volkswagen_Jetta_%281KM_MY10%29_118TSI_sedan_%282015-07-03%29_01.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Volkswagen_Jetta_(1KM_MY10)_118TSI_sedan_(2015-07-03)_01.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The fifth generation <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta_(A5)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Jetta (A5)">Volkswagen Jetta</a></span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen began introducing an array of new models after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Pischetsrieder" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bernd Pischetsrieder">Bernd Pischetsrieder</a> became <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a> CEO (responsible for all Group brands) in 2002. The sixth-generation <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk6">VW Golf</a> was launched in 2008, came runner-up to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Insignia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Opel Insignia">Opel/Vauxhall Insignia</a> in the 2009 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="European Car of the Year">European Car of the Year</a>, and has spawned several cousins: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta_(A6)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Jetta (A6)">VW Jetta</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VW_Scirocco" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="VW Scirocco">VW Scirocco</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEAT_Le%C3%B3n" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SEAT León">SEAT León</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEAT_Toledo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SEAT Toledo">SEAT Toledo</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Octavia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Škoda Octavia">Škoda Octavia</a> and Audi A3 hatchback ranges, as well as a new mini-<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-purpose_vehicle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Multi-purpose vehicle">MPV</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEAT_Altea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SEAT Altea">SEAT Altea</a>. The GTI, a "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_hatch" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hot hatch">hot hatch</a>" performance version of the Golf, boasts a 2.0 L <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharger" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Turbocharger">Turbocharged</a> Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gasoline direct injection">direct injection</a> engine. VW began marketing the Golf under the Rabbit name once again in the US and Canada in 2006.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The sixth-generation Passat and the fifth-generation Jetta both debuted in 2005, and Volkswagen announced plans to expand its lineup further by bringing back the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Scirocco">Scirocco</a> by 2008. Other models in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Bernhard" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wolfgang Bernhard">Wolfgang Bernhard</a>'s (Volkswagen brand CEO) "product offensive" include the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Tiguan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Tiguan">Tiguan</a> mid-sized SUV in 2008 and a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_Coup%C3%A9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Passat Coupé">Passat Coupé</a>. In November 2006 Bernd Pischetsrieder announced his resignation as Volkswagen Group CEO and was replaced by Audi worldwide CEO <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Winterkorn" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Martin Winterkorn">Martin Winterkorn</a> at the beginning of 2007.</span></p><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VW_Scirocco_III_1.4_TSI_DSG_Team_Deep_Black.JPG" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1742" data-file-width="2614" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/VW_Scirocco_III_1.4_TSI_DSG_Team_Deep_Black.JPG/220px-VW_Scirocco_III_1.4_TSI_DSG_Team_Deep_Black.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/VW_Scirocco_III_1.4_TSI_DSG_Team_Deep_Black.JPG/330px-VW_Scirocco_III_1.4_TSI_DSG_Team_Deep_Black.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/VW_Scirocco_III_1.4_TSI_DSG_Team_Deep_Black.JPG/440px-VW_Scirocco_III_1.4_TSI_DSG_Team_Deep_Black.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VW_Scirocco_III_1.4_TSI_DSG_Team_Deep_Black.JPG" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The third generation <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Scirocco">Volkswagen Scirocco</a></span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen maintained North American sales of 224,195 in 2005. The momentum continued for fiscal 2006, as Volkswagen's North American sales for the year were 235,140 vehicles, a 4.9 percent increase over 2005, despite a slump in domestic North American manufacturer's sales. In conjunction with the introduction of new models, the production location of Volkswagen vehicles also underwent a great change. The 2007 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Eos" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Eos">Eos</a>, a hardtop convertible, is produced in a new facility in Portugal. All Golfs/Rabbits and GTIs as of 2006 are manufactured in Wolfsburg, Germany, rather than Puebla, Mexico, where Golfs and GTIs for the North American market were produced from 1989 to 1998, and the Brazilian factory in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curitiba" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a>, where Golfs and GTIs were produced from 1999 to 2006 (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Jetta">Jetta</a> has been primarily manufactured in Mexico since 1989). Volkswagen is also in the process of reconfiguring an automotive assembly plant in Belgium. The new models and investments in manufacturing improvements were immediately noticed by automotive critics. Favourable reviews for Volkswagen's newest cars include the GTI being named by <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Reports" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a></i> as the top sporty car under $25,000, one of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_and_Driver" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Car and Driver">Car and Driver</a></i> magazine's "<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_and_Driver_Ten_Best" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Car and Driver Ten Best">10 Best</a>" for 2007, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_Magazine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Automobile Magazine"><i>Automobile</i> Magazine's</a> 2007 Car of the Year, as well as a 2008 <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Trend" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Motor Trend">Motor Trend</a></i> comparison ranking the mid-size Passat first in its class.</span></p><div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013_Volkswagen_Golf_SE_BlueMotion_Technology_1.4_Front.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2561" data-file-width="4986" decoding="async" height="113" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2013_Volkswagen_Golf_SE_BlueMotion_Technology_1.4_Front.jpg/220px-2013_Volkswagen_Golf_SE_BlueMotion_Technology_1.4_Front.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2013_Volkswagen_Golf_SE_BlueMotion_Technology_1.4_Front.jpg/330px-2013_Volkswagen_Golf_SE_BlueMotion_Technology_1.4_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2013_Volkswagen_Golf_SE_BlueMotion_Technology_1.4_Front.jpg/440px-2013_Volkswagen_Golf_SE_BlueMotion_Technology_1.4_Front.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013_Volkswagen_Golf_SE_BlueMotion_Technology_1.4_Front.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The seventh-generation <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf">Volkswagen Golf</a></span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen partnered with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_AG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Daimler AG">Daimler AG</a> and other companies to market the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueTec" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="BlueTec">BlueTec</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_diesel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clean diesel">clean diesel</a> technology on cars and trucks from Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen, and other companies and brands. According to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>, four of the ten most fuel-efficient vehicles available for sale in the United States are powered by Volkswagen diesel engines.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-45" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup> Volkswagen has offered a number of its vehicles with a TDI (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharged_Direct_Injection" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Turbocharged Direct Injection">Turbocharged Direct Injection</a>) engine, which lends class-leading fuel economy to several models. They were a three-way tie for 8th (TDI Beetle, TDI Golf, TDI Jetta) and ninth, the TDI Jetta Wagon. In addition, all Volkswagen TDI diesel engines produced from 1996 to 2006 can be driven on 100% <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a> fuel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For the 2007 model year, however, strict US government emissions regulations had forced Volkswagen to drop most diesels from their US engine lineup, but a new lineup of diesel engines (then thought) compatible to US standards returned to the American market starting with Model Year 2009. These post-2009 Clean Diesel engines are limited to running on 5% (B5) biodiesel only to maintain Volkswagen's warranty. Volkswagen long resisted adding a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sport utility vehicle">SUV</a> to its lineup, but relented with the introduction of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Touareg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Touareg">Touareg</a>, made in partnership with Porsche, while they worked on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_Cayenne" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Porsche Cayenne">Porsche Cayenne</a> and later the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_Q7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Audi Q7">Audi Q7</a>. Though acclaimed as a fine handling vehicle, the Touareg has been a modest seller at best, and it has been criticised by auto reviewers for its absence of a third-row seat, the relatively poor fuel economy, and the high vehicle mass. Volkswagen set plans to add a compact SUV with styling influences from the "Concept A" concept vehicle introduced at the 2006 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Auto_Show" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geneva Auto Show">Geneva Auto Show</a>, and on 20 July 2006, Volkswagen announced that the new vehicle called the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Tiguan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Tiguan">Tiguan</a>.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Since the discontinuation of the T4 in 2003 and the decision not to export the T5 to the United States, Volkswagen, coincidentally, lacked a van for its North American lineup. To remedy this, Volkswagen launched the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Routan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Routan">Volkswagen Routan</a>, a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badge_engineering" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Badge engineering">badge-engineered</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_Caravan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dodge Caravan">Dodge Grand Caravan</a> made for the American and Canadian markets, in 2008.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In September 2006, Volkswagen began offering the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk4#Mk4_%22City_Golf_(Golf_City_in_2009)%22_in_Canada,_South_America_&_Bora_HS_in_China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk4">City Golf</a> and City Jetta only for the Canadian market. Both models were originally the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk4">Mk4 Golf</a> and Jetta but were later replaced with the Brazilian versions of the Golf Mk4 and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Bora" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Bora">Bora</a>. Volkswagen's introduction of such models is seen as a test of the market for a subcompact and, if successful, may be the beginnings of a thriving subcompact market for Volkswagen.</span></p><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006-2010_Volkswagen_Passat_(3C)_sedan_(2011-07-17)_01.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1806" data-file-width="3636" decoding="async" height="109" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2006-2010_Volkswagen_Passat_%283C%29_sedan_%282011-07-17%29_01.jpg/220px-2006-2010_Volkswagen_Passat_%283C%29_sedan_%282011-07-17%29_01.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2006-2010_Volkswagen_Passat_%283C%29_sedan_%282011-07-17%29_01.jpg/330px-2006-2010_Volkswagen_Passat_%283C%29_sedan_%282011-07-17%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2006-2010_Volkswagen_Passat_%283C%29_sedan_%282011-07-17%29_01.jpg/440px-2006-2010_Volkswagen_Passat_%283C%29_sedan_%282011-07-17%29_01.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006-2010_Volkswagen_Passat_(3C)_sedan_(2011-07-17)_01.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Passat">Volkswagen Passat</a> (3C)</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In May 2011, Volkswagen completed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Chattanooga_Assembly_Plant" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant">Chattanooga Assembly</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>. The Chattanooga Assembly plant marked VW's first plant since the plant at New Stanton was closed down. The facility has produced Volkswagen cars and SUVs specifically designed for the North American markets, beginning with the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_NMS" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Passat NMS">Passat B7</a> in 2011. The company recently announced plans to expand further by investing $900 million to add floor space to the factory.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-46" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_1-litre_car" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen 1-litre car">VW XL1</a> began a limited production run in 2013. The XL1 is a lightweight and fuel-efficient two-person vehicle (only 795 kg).</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Atlas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Atlas">Volkswagen Atlas</a>, a large <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crossover (automobile)">crossover</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sport utility vehicle">SUV</a>, began production in late 2016, and aimed to help end several years of losses for Volkswagen in the United States, the world's second-largest auto market.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Boston_47-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-Boston-47" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-48" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup> On 14 September 2016, Volkswagen announced its partnership with three Israeli <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computer security">cybersecurity</a> experts to create a new company, Cymotive, dedicated to automotive security.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-49" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span id="2017.E2.80.93present:_Focus_on_electric_vehicles"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="2017–present:_Focus_on_electric_vehicles">2017–present: Focus on electric vehicles</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: 2017–present: Focus on electric vehicles">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volkswagen_ID.3_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0779.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2512" data-file-width="4800" decoding="async" height="115" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Volkswagen_ID.3_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0779.jpg/220px-Volkswagen_ID.3_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0779.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Volkswagen_ID.3_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0779.jpg/330px-Volkswagen_ID.3_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0779.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Volkswagen_ID.3_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0779.jpg/440px-Volkswagen_ID.3_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0779.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volkswagen_ID.3_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0779.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_ID.3" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen ID.3">Volkswagen ID.3</a></span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 2017, Volkswagen announced plans to place a considerable focus on <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicles" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Electric vehicles">electric vehicles</a> (EV), with a goal to, by 2025, launch at least 30 EV models, and have 20 to 25 percent of their total yearly sales volume (2-3 million) consist of EVs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup> In September, Volkswagen CEO Matthias Müller stated that the company aimed to have electric versions of all of its vehicle models by 2030, at a cost of 20 billion euro, and 50 billion euro on acquisition of batteries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bloomberg-ev_51-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-bloomberg-ev-51" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup> On 6 March 2017 at the Geneva Motor Show Volkswagen presented its prototype for a fully autonomous car, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedric" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sedric">Sedric</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-52" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen returned to motorsport in 2018 by unveiling its all-electric <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_I.D._R" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen I.D. R">I.D. R</a>. At the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikes_Peak_International_Hill_Climb" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pikes Peak International Hill Climb">Pikes Peak International Hill Climb</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Dumas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Romain Dumas">Romain Dumas</a> set an all-time course record of just under eight minutes driving the I.D. R.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-53" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In September 2018, Volkswagen announced that it would discontinue production of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle_(A5)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Beetle (A5)">Beetle (A5)</a> in 2019.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-54" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup> Also in September 2018, Volkswagen announced its $100 million investment in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_battery" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Solid-state battery">solid-state battery</a> startup <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuantumScape" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="QuantumScape">QuantumScape</a>, becoming the startup's largest automotive investor and gaining representation on its board.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-55" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In February 2019, Volkswagen announced that it would launch an entry-level <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetta_(car_marque)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jetta (car marque)">Jetta</a> sub-brand in China aimed at young buyers. Three models were announced in July 2019, a sedan and two SUVs,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-56" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup> all three of which will be manufactured in China as a part of Volkswagen's joint-venture with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAW_Group" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="FAW Group">FAW</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-57" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In September 2019 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Motor_Show_Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Motor Show Germany">Frankfurt Motor Show</a>, Volkswagen officially unveiled a refreshed logo (a thinner, two-dimensional version of the previous logo) and new <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_branding" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sonic branding">sonic branding</a>, which will accompany the newly launched <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_ID.3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen ID.3">ID.3</a> electric vehicle. Volkswagen stated that the ID.3 signified the start of a "new era" of the company.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-58" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In September 2019, Volkswagen also announced a program to allow old Beetle models to be converted to run on electric power. The electric motor and battery updates will be done in partnership with German company eClassics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-59" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup> The electric components used for retrofitting will be based upon those found in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Up" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Up">e-up!</a> model.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In November 2020, Volkswagen announced that, trying to remain the world's largest carmaker in the green era, it has increased its investment in electric and self-driving cars to $86 billion over the next five years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In January 2021, Volkswagen announced that its sales in 2020 dropped by 9.9% in China, 23.4% in western Europe and 17.1% in North America.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-61" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In March 2021, Volkswagen announced that it would stop developing new internal combustion engines, although it would keep tweaking existing engines to comply with stricter emission rules.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-62" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (July 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">in March 2022, Volkswagen released the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_ID._Buzz" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen ID. Buzz">ID. Buzz</a> electric minivan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-63" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[61]</a></sup></span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Operations">Operations</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Operations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); float: right; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="background: rgb(171, 205, 239); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Global sales figures,<br />2006–2018<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="font-size: 11.2px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-64" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[62]</a></sup></span></th></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Year</span></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Sales <small style="font-size: 11.9px;">(in millions)</small></span></th></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2006</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">5.7</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2007</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">6.2</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2008</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">6.3</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2009</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">6.3</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2010</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">7.3</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2011</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">8.4</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2012</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">9.3</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2013</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">9.7</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2014</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">10.2</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2015</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">10.0</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2016</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">10.3</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2017</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">10.7<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-65" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[63]</a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2018</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">10.8<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-66" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[64]</a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2019</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">11.0<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_67-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-:0-67" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen is the founding and namesake member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a>, a large international corporation in charge of multiple car and truck brands, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Audi">Audi</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEAT" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SEAT">SEAT</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Porsche">Porsche</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamborghini" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lamborghini">Lamborghini</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bentley">Bentley</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugatti" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bugatti">Bugatti</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_AB" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scania AB">Scania</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAN_SE" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="MAN SE">MAN</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Škoda Auto">Škoda</a>. Volkswagen Group's global headquarters are located in Volkswagen's historic home of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsburg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a>, Germany.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-68" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-69" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[67]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen Group, as a unit, is Europe's largest motor vehicle manufacturer, with over 74,000 employees and over 7700 dealerships.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wsj20120604_70-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-wsj20120604-70" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[68]</a></sup> For a long time, Volkswagen has had a market share over 20 percent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-71" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 2010, Volkswagen posted record sales of 6.29 million vehicles, with its global market share at 11.4%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-72" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[70]</a></sup> In 2008, Volkswagen became the third-largest car maker in the world,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-73" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup> and, as of 2016, Volkswagen was the second largest manufacturer worldwide.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-74" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup> In 2018 the company benefited from trade tariffs and new emission standards, with a record deliveries of 10.8 million vehicles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-75" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></sup> Volkswagen Group's core markets include Germany and China.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-76" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[74]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In July 2019, Volkswagen invested $2.6 billion in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argo_AI" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Argo AI">Argo AI</a>, a startup focused on developing <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_car" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Autonomous car">self-driving vehicles</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-77" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="International_properties">International properties</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: International properties">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 302px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volkswagen_Logo_history.svg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="2800" decoding="async" height="129" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Volkswagen_Logo_history.svg/300px-Volkswagen_Logo_history.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Volkswagen_Logo_history.svg/450px-Volkswagen_Logo_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Volkswagen_Logo_history.svg/600px-Volkswagen_Logo_history.svg.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volkswagen_Logo_history.svg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen logo evolution (1937–2019)</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Volkswagen_Group_factories" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of Volkswagen Group factories">Volkswagen has factories</a> in many parts of the world, manufacturing or assembling vehicles for local markets. In addition to plants in Germany, Volkswagen has manufacturing or assembly facilities in Mexico, the United States, Slovakia, China, India, Russia, Malaysia, Brazil, Argentina, Portugal, Spain, Poland, the Czech Republic, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kenya and South Africa. In 2011, Volkswagen was named in the top 25 largest companies in the world by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> Global 2000.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-78" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[76]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-79" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">As of May 2014, Volkswagen was planning to start assembling certain engines in India to increase localisation from 70% to 90%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-80" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In January 2016, Volkswagen announced the launch of a new factory in Algeria during a summit between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> and Algerian prime minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelmalek_Sellal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Abdelmalek Sellal">Abdelmalek Sellal</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[79]</a></sup> The factory was launched in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relizane" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Relizane">Relizane</a>, producing <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_VII" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf VII">Volkswagen Golf VII</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Polo">Volkswagen Polo</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Caddy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Caddy">Volkswagen Caddy</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seat_Ibiza" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seat Ibiza">SEAT Ibiza</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoda_Octavia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Skoda Octavia">Škoda Octavia</a> cars.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In the 2021 review of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World Intellectual Property Organization"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">WIPO</abbr></a>'s annual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Indicators" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World Intellectual Property Indicators">World Intellectual Property Indicators</a> VW ranked 6th in the world for its 84 industrial design registrations that were published under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Agreement_Concerning_the_International_Deposit_of_Industrial_Designs" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs">Hague System</a> during 2020.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2021_wipo_ind_82-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-2021_wipo_ind-82" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup> This position is down on their previous 5th-place ranking for 73 industrial design registrations being published in 2019.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wipo_2020_83-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-wipo_2020-83" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources"><span title="This claim needs a reference to a independent, third-party source. (January 2022)">third-party source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Since 1985, Volkswagen has also run the Volkswagen AutoMuseum in Wolfsburg, which is dedicated to the history of the company.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-84" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[82]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources"><span title="This claim needs a reference to a independent, third-party source. (January 2022)">third-party source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Working_conditions">Working conditions</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Working conditions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_worker_organizations" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen worker organizations">Volkswagen worker organizations</a></span></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">With 120,000 employees in Germany,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-85" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a></sup> VW is one of the most well <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_movement" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Labour movement">organized labour</a> represented companies in the world and Germany. The role that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_council" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Works council">Works Councils</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IG_Metall" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="IG Metall">IG Metall</a> play is unique even within Germany. VW workers have some of the strongest <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_agreements" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Collective agreements">collective agreements</a>. VW has a strong tradition and practice of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Partnership" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Social Partnership">social partnership</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codetermination_in_Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Codetermination in Germany">co-determination</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Whittall_86-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-Whittall-86" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[84]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen agreed in December 2011 to implement a rule passed by the company's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_council" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Works council">Works Council</a> aimed at improving <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_balance" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Work–life balance">work–life balance</a> and avoiding <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_burnout" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Occupational burnout">burnout</a> by restricting company email functionality on the firm's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="BlackBerry">BlackBerry</a> smartphones to working periods and the half-hour before and after working periods. About 1,150 of Volkswagen's more than 190,000 employees in Germany were affected by the email restriction.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-87" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[85]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Relationship_with_Porsche_and_the_Volkswagen_Law">Relationship with Porsche and the Volkswagen Law</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Relationship with Porsche and the Volkswagen Law">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen has always had a close relationship with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Porsche">Porsche</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stuttgart">Zuffenhausen</a>-based sports car manufacturer founded in 1931 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ferdinand Porsche">Ferdinand Porsche</a>, the original Volkswagen designer and Volkswagen company co-founder, hired by Adolf Hitler for the project. The first Porsche car, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_64" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Porsche 64">Porsche 64</a> of 1938, used many components from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a>. The 1948 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_356" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Porsche 356">Porsche 356</a> continued using many Volkswagen components, including a tuned engine, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearbox" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gearbox">gearbox</a> and suspension.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The two companies continued their collaboration in 1969 to make the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_914" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Porsche 914">VW-Porsche 914 and Porsche 914-6</a>. (The 914-6 had a 6-cylinder Porsche engine, and the standard 914 had a Volkswagen engine.) Volkswagen and Porsche would collaborate again in 1976 on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_912" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Porsche 912">Porsche 912</a>-E (the USA only) and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_924" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Porsche 924">Porsche 924</a>, which used many <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Audi">Audi</a> components and was built at Audi's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neckarsulm" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neckarsulm">Neckarsulm</a> facilities. The 924 was originally designated for AUDI. Most <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_944" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Porsche 944">Porsche 944</a> models were built there, although they used far fewer VW components.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_Cayenne" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Porsche Cayenne">Porsche Cayenne</a>, introduced in 2002, shares its entire chassis with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Touareg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Touareg">Volkswagen Touareg</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_Q7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Audi Q7">Audi Q7</a>, and is built at the same Volkswagen factory in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> that the other SUVs are built.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In September 2005, Porsche announced it would increase its 5% stake in Volkswagen to 20% at a cost of €3 billion, with the intention that the combined stakes of Porsche and the government of Lower Saxony would ensure that any hostile takeover by foreign investors would be impossible.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-88" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a></sup> Speculated suitors included <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DaimlerChrysler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DaimlerChrysler">DaimlerChrysler</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="BMW">BMW</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Renault">Renault</a>. In July 2006, Porsche increased their ownership again to 25.1%.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">On 4 March 2005, the European Commission brought an action against the Federal Republic of Germany before the European Court of Justice, claiming that the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Law" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Law">Volkswagen Law</a>, which prevents any shareholder in Volkswagen from executing more than 20% of the total voting rights in the firm, was illegally restricting the flow of capital in Europe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Official_Text_of_the_action_89-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-Official_Text_of_the_action-89" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[87]</a></sup> On 13 February 2007, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocate_General" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Advocate General">Advocate General</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Ruiz-Jarabo_Colomer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dámaso Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer">Dámaso Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer</a> submitted an opinion to the court in support of the action.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-90" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a></sup> This again opened the possibility of a hostile takeover of VW and so on 26 March of the same year Porsche took its holding of Volkswagen shares to 30.9%. Porsche formally announced in a press statement that it did not intend to take over Volkswagen, but intended the move to avoid a competitor's taking a large stake and to stop hedge funds from dismantling VW.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-91" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup> As expected, on 22 October 2007, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> ruled in agreement with Ruiz-Jarabo and the law was struck down.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-92" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[90]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Full_Text_of_the_Judgment_93-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-Full_Text_of_the_Judgment-93" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[91]</a></sup> In October 2007, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> ruled that the VW law was illegal<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-94" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[92]</a></sup> because it was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protectionism">protectionist</a>. At that time, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Porsche">Porsche</a> held 31% of VW shares – although a smaller proportion of voting rights, due to the Volkswagen Law – and there had been speculation that Porsche would be interested in taking over VW if the law did not stand in its way. The court also prevented the government from appointing Volkswagen board members.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-95" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[93]</a></sup> The German government then rewrote the Volkswagen law, only to be sued again.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-96" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[94]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-97" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[95]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-98" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[96]</a></sup> In October 2013, the EU Court of Justice in Luxembourg ruled that the rewritten Volkswagen law "complied in full" with EU rules.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-99" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[97]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">On 26 October 2008, Porsche revealed its plan to assume control of VW. As of that day, it held 42.6% of Volkswagen's ordinary shares and stock options on another 31.5%. Combined with the state of Lower Saxony's 20.1% stake, this left only 5.8% of shares on the market—mostly with index funds that could not legally sell.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-100" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-100" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[98]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_fund" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hedge fund">Hedge funds</a> desperate to cover their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_(finance)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Short (finance)">short</a> positions forced Volkswagen stock above one thousand euros per share, briefly making it the world's largest company by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalisation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Market capitalisation">market capitalisation</a> on 28 October 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-101" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[99]</a></sup> By January 2009, Porsche had a 50.76% holding in Volkswagen AG, although the "Volkswagen Law" prevented it from taking control of the company.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bbc-porsche-jan-2009_102-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-bbc-porsche-jan-2009-102" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">On 6 May 2009, the two companies decided to join, in a merger.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">On 13 August, Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft's supervisory board signed the agreement to create an integrated automotive group with Porsche led by Volkswagen. The initial decision was for Volkswagen to take a 42.0% stake in Porsche AG by the end of 2009, and it would also see the family shareholders selling the automobile trading business of Porsche Holding Salzburg to Volkswagen.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-103" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a></sup> In October 2009 however, Volkswagen announced that its percentage in Porsche would be 49.9% for a cost of €3.9 billion (the 42.0% deal would have cost €3.3 billion).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-104" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[102]</a></sup> On 1 March 2011, Volkswagen has finalised the purchase of Porsche Holding Salzburg (PHS), Austria's leading specialty automobile distributor, for €3.3 billion ($4.55 billion).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-105" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In January 2020, Volkswagen was overtaken by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a> as the second-most valuable auto maker.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-106" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-106" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[104]</a></sup></span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Product_line">Product line</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Product line">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); float: right; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="background: rgb(171, 205, 239); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Best-selling Volkswagen models in 2019<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_67-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-:0-67" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup></span></th></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Rank</span></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Model</span></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Production output</span></th></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1</span></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Tiguan" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Tiguan"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Tiguan</span></a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">910,126</span></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2</span></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Polo"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Polo/Virtus/Vento/Ameo</span></a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">706,052</span></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">3</span></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Golf</span></a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">679,351</span></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">4</span></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Jetta"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Jetta/Sagitar</span></a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">610,327</span></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">5</span></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Passat"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Passat/Magotan</span></a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">543,706</span></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">6</span></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Lavida" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Lavida"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Lavida</span></a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">514,698</span></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">7</span></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Bora" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Bora"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Bora</span></a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">345,077</span></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">8</span></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_T-Roc" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen T-Roc"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">T-Roc</span></a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">328,069</span></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">9</span></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_T-Cross" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen T-Cross"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">T-Cross/Tacqua/Taigun</span></a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">274,071</span></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">10</span></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Santana" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Santana"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Santana</span></a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">244,132</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Volkswagen_passenger_vehicles" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of Volkswagen passenger vehicles">List of Volkswagen passenger vehicles</a></span></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The Volkswagen brand produces various models which consists of global products and regional products, specifically for large markets including Europe, China and Latin America. Volkswagen AG annual report in 2019 reported that the best-selling model under the Volkswagen brand globally is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Tiguan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Tiguan">Tiguan</a>, followed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-segment" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="B-segment">B-segment</a> range of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Polo">Polo, Virtus, Vento and Ameo</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf">Golf</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_67-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-:0-67" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Hatchbacks">Hatchbacks</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Hatchbacks">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen has been one of the leading manufacturer in terms of hatchback production, which traditionally has been a popular segment in Europe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-107" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-107" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[105]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-108" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-108" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[106]</a></sup> The brand offered a range of hatchbacks from A-segment, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-segment" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="B-segment">B-segment</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-segment" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="C-segment">C-segment</a>. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf">Golf</a> traditionally has been the strongest selling vehicle for the brand in Europe, followed by the smaller <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Polo">Polo</a> which apart from the European market also has a stronghold in emerging markets. Sales for the hatchback category has slowed down due to the rise of the SUV segment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-109" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-109" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[107]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-110" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-110" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[108]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span id="SUVs.2Fcrossovers"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="SUVs/crossovers">SUVs/crossovers</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: SUVs/crossovers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Volkswagen_Tiguan_R-Line_TSi_BlueMotion_4Motion_2.0_Front.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2182" data-file-width="4160" decoding="async" height="115" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/2018_Volkswagen_Tiguan_R-Line_TSi_BlueMotion_4Motion_2.0_Front.jpg/220px-2018_Volkswagen_Tiguan_R-Line_TSi_BlueMotion_4Motion_2.0_Front.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/2018_Volkswagen_Tiguan_R-Line_TSi_BlueMotion_4Motion_2.0_Front.jpg/330px-2018_Volkswagen_Tiguan_R-Line_TSi_BlueMotion_4Motion_2.0_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/2018_Volkswagen_Tiguan_R-Line_TSi_BlueMotion_4Motion_2.0_Front.jpg/440px-2018_Volkswagen_Tiguan_R-Line_TSi_BlueMotion_4Motion_2.0_Front.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Volkswagen_Tiguan_R-Line_TSi_BlueMotion_4Motion_2.0_Front.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Tiguan" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Tiguan">Volkswagen Tiguan</a> has claimed the top spot in terms of sales figures within Volkswagen models.</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The brand introduced its first crossover SUV in 2002 starting from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Touareg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Touareg">Touareg</a>, a full-size luxury SUV. The brand SUV expansion continues with the release of Tiguan, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-segment" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="C-segment">C-segment</a> mainstream SUV in 2007. In the mid-2010s, the company has decided to an SUV in every class of car that can justify one, which the brand called the "SUV offensive".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-111" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-111" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[109]</a></sup> Between 2017 and 2020, the brand has aggressively expanded its SUV line-up by growing its number of models from 2 to 8 models, excluding its derivatives, ranging from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-segment" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="B-segment">B-segment</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-segment" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="C-segment">C-segment</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-segment" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="D-segment">D-segment</a> SUVs which include global models and regional models. Volkswagen also started producing derivatives of its SUV models with a rear sloping roof marketed as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup%C3%A9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coupé">coupé</a> SUV which had gained popularity in China, the largest single market for the brand.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-112" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-112" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[110]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-113" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[111]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 2019, every fourth vehicle delivered by the Volkswagen brand today is an SUV, with its top contributor being the Tiguan. The brand plans to have over 30 SUV models on offer worldwide by 2025, contributing 50 percent of its global sales.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-114" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[112]</a></sup> Volkswagen also expects SUVs to lead the ID. family, its future electric vehicle range of models.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-115" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-115" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[113]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The SUV expansion has claimed casualties in the MPV segment, which saw the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Sharan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Sharan">Sharan</a> mid-size MPV being phased out in 2020.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-116" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-116" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[114]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Regional_models">Regional models</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Regional models">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><h4 style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Chinese_market">Chinese market</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Chinese market">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h4><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volkswagen_Lavida_III_001.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1703" data-file-width="3027" decoding="async" height="124" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Volkswagen_Lavida_III_001.jpg/220px-Volkswagen_Lavida_III_001.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Volkswagen_Lavida_III_001.jpg/330px-Volkswagen_Lavida_III_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Volkswagen_Lavida_III_001.jpg/440px-Volkswagen_Lavida_III_001.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volkswagen_Lavida_III_001.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Lavida" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Lavida">Volkswagen Lavida</a> is the best-selling sedan in China.</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen is a market leader in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="China">China</a>, which is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Automotive industry in China">largest single automotive market in the world</a>. In 2019, 3.16 million Volkswagen-branded vehicles were delivered in the country.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-117" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-117" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[115]</a></sup> The importance of the market has justified a significant amount of China-specific models.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sedan (automobile)">Sedans</a> are a favoured segment in China due to their spacious interiors and boot space. In 2019, the brand sold 1.6 million of them in China. In the compact <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notchback" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Notchback">notchback</a> or sedan segment, the brand is represented by several China-only models which include the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Jetta">Sagitar</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Lamando" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Lamando">Lamando</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Bora" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Bora">Bora</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Santana" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Santana">Santana</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Lavida" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Lavida">Lavida</a>, and its derivatives in other body styles,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-118" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-118" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[116]</a></sup> while the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-size_car" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mid-size car">mid-size sedan</a> segment is represented by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_(NMS)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Passat (NMS)">Passat</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Magotan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Magotan">Magotan</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-119" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-119" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[117]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-120" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-120" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[118]</a></sup> The Lavida was the best-selling model in China of all manufacturers in 2019 with 491,000 units sold.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-121" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-121" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[119]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The popularity of SUVs also gave birth to several SUV models built or reworked specifically for China, including the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Tharu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Tharu">Tharu</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Tayron" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Tayron">Tayron</a>, Tayron X, Tiguan X, and reworked versions of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_T-Cross" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen T-Cross">T-Cross</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_T-Roc" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen T-Roc">T-Roc</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-122" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[120]</a></sup> The brand also has a strong presence in the premium or luxury segment including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Phideon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Phideon">Phideon</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Viloran" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Viloran">Viloran</a> as the models developed specifically for China.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-123" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[121]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-124" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[122]</a></sup></span></p><h4 style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Brazilian_market">Brazilian market</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Brazilian market">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h4><div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brazilian_Kombi_pair.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1704" data-file-width="2272" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Brazilian_Kombi_pair.jpg/220px-Brazilian_Kombi_pair.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Brazilian_Kombi_pair.jpg/330px-Brazilian_Kombi_pair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Brazilian_Kombi_pair.jpg/440px-Brazilian_Kombi_pair.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brazilian_Kombi_pair.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Kombi" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Kombi">Volkswagen Kombi</a> was produced in Brazil from 1957 up to 2013.</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The brand has a notable history in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. Volkswagen's relationship with Brazil dates back to the early 1950s. In 1956, Volkswagen began by building a plant in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Bernardo_do_Campo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="São Bernardo do Campo">São Bernardo do Campo</a>, near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> as its first manufacturing plant outside Germany as a response to the Brazil's ban on the import of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_up_export" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Built up export">completely assembled vehicles</a> in 1950.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-stray_brazil_125-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-stray_brazil-125" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[123]</a></sup> One year later, the plant started to produce the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Type 2">Kombi</a> model – 370 cars at that time, with a 50 percent local content component share. Of 81 million vehicles produced over six decades in Brazil, 23 million of it was built by Volkswagen, which was produced by four passenger car factories in the country. In 2018, Volkswagen accounted for close on 15 percent of the Brazilian car market.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-brazil_comeback_126-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-brazil_comeback-126" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[124]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The importance of the Brazilian market gave birth to several models developed and manufactured by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_do_Brasil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen do Brasil">Volkswagen do Brasil</a>, which include the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Fox" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Fox">Fox</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Gol" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Gol">Gol</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Nivus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Nivus">Nivus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Gol#Saveiro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Gol">Saveiro</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo#Volkswagen_Virtus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Polo">Virtus</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Gol#Voyage" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Gol">Voyage</a>. These models are also typically exported throughout Latin America. Historical vehicles built for the market include the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Bras%C3%ADlia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Brasília">Brasília</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_SP2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen SP2">SP1 & SP2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_3#Brazilian_Type_3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Type 3">1500/Variant/Variant II</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Karmann_Ghia#Karmann_Ghia_TC" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Karmann Ghia">Karmann Ghia TC</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Parati" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Parati">Parati</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Suran" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Suran">Suran</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-127" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-127" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[125]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-128" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-128" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[126]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-129" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[127]</a></sup> The Gol, first launched in 1980, was the best-selling car in the country for 27 consecutive years, up until 2013.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-stray_brazil_125-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-stray_brazil-125" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[123]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-brazil_comeback_126-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-brazil_comeback-126" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[124]</a></sup></span></p><div style="clear: both;"></div><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Environment-friendly_vehicles">Environment-friendly vehicles</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Environment-friendly vehicles">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><h4 style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Pure_ethanol_vehicles">Pure ethanol vehicles</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Pure ethanol vehicles">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h4><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F053242-0034,_Hannover,_Messe.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="507" data-file-width="800" decoding="async" height="139" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F053242-0034%2C_Hannover%2C_Messe.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F053242-0034%2C_Hannover%2C_Messe.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F053242-0034%2C_Hannover%2C_Messe.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F053242-0034%2C_Hannover%2C_Messe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F053242-0034%2C_Hannover%2C_Messe.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F053242-0034%2C_Hannover%2C_Messe.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F053242-0034,_Hannover,_Messe.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">VW pure <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol</a> prototype car developed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_do_Brasil" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen do Brasil">Volkswagen do Brasil</a> in 1978.</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_do_Brasil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen do Brasil">Volkswagen do Brasil</a> produced and sold pure ethanol-powered (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures#E100" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">E100 only</a>) vehicles in Brazil, and production was discontinued only after they were supplanted by more modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">Flex Fuel</a> technology. As a response to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, the Brazilian government began promoting bioethanol as a fuel, and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-%C3%81lcool" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pro-Álcool">National Alcohol Program</a> -<i>Pró-Álcool</i>- (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Programa Nacional do Álcool</i>) was launched in 1975.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bastos_130-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-Bastos-130" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[128]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veja1979_131-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-Veja1979-131" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[129]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SeatleT_132-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-SeatleT-132" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[130]</a></sup> Compelled by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_energy_crisis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1979 energy crisis">1979 energy crisis</a>, and after development and testing with government fleets by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_General_Command_for_Aerospace_Technology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology">CTA</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_dos_Campos" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="São José dos Campos">São José dos Campos</a>, and further testing of several prototypes developed by the four local carmakers, including Volkswagen do Brasil, pure ethanol vehicles were launched in the Brazilian market.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bastos_130-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-Bastos-130" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[128]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veja1979_131-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-Veja1979-131" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[129]</a></sup> Petrol engines were modified to support <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrous" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hydrous">hydrous</a> ethanol characteristics and changes included <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_ratio" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Compression ratio">compression ratio</a>, amount of fuel injected, replacement of materials that would get corroded by the contact with ethanol, use of colder <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_plugs" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spark plugs">spark plugs</a> suitable for dissipating heat due to higher flame temperatures, and an auxiliary cold-start system that injects petrol from a small tank in the engine compartment to help starting when cold. Within six years, around 75% of all Brazilian passenger cars were manufactured with ethanol engines.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bastos_130-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-Bastos-130" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[128]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lemos_133-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-Lemos-133" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[131]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Production and sales of pure ethanol vehicles tumbled beginning in 1987 owing to several factors, including a sharp decline in petrol prices as a result of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a>, and high sugar prices in the world market, shifting sugarcane ethanol production from fuel to sugar. By mid-1989, a shortage of ethanol fuel supply in the local market left thousands of vehicles in line at petrol stations or out of fuel in their garages, forcing consumers to abandon ethanol vehicles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SeatleT_132-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-SeatleT-132" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[130]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veja1989_134-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-Veja1989-134" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[132]</a></sup></span></p><h4 style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Flexible-fuel_vehicles">Flexible-fuel vehicles</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Flexible-fuel vehicles">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h4><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brazilian_2003_VW_Gol_1.6_Total_Flex.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="Brazilian 2003 VW Gol 1.6 Total Flex.jpg" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1293" data-file-width="1883" decoding="async" height="151" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Brazilian_2003_VW_Gol_1.6_Total_Flex.jpg/220px-Brazilian_2003_VW_Gol_1.6_Total_Flex.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Brazilian_2003_VW_Gol_1.6_Total_Flex.jpg/330px-Brazilian_2003_VW_Gol_1.6_Total_Flex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Brazilian_2003_VW_Gol_1.6_Total_Flex.jpg/440px-Brazilian_2003_VW_Gol_1.6_Total_Flex.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brazilian_2003_VW_Gol_1.6_Total_Flex.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The 2003 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Gol" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Gol">VW Gol 1.6 Total Flex</a> was the first full flexible-fuel vehicle launched in Brazil, capable of running on any blend of petrol and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures#E100" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">E100</a>. In March of that year, on its fiftieth anniversary, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_do_Brasil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen do Brasil">Volkswagen do Brasil</a> launched in the local market the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Gol" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Gol">Gol</a> 1.6 Total Flex, the first Brazilian commercial <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_fuel_vehicle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Flexible fuel vehicle">flexible fuel vehicle</a> capable of running on any mix of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E20_fuel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="E20 fuel">E20-E25</a> petrol and up to 100% <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrous" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hydrous">hydrous</a> ethanol fuel (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures#E100" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">E100</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SusEthanol_135-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-SusEthanol-135" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[133]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autonews.com_136-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-autonews.com-136" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[134]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-137" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-137" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[135]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-138" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-138" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[136]</a></sup> After the pure ethanol fiasco, consumer confidence in ethanol-powered vehicles was restored, allowing a rapid adoption of the flex technology. This was facilitated by the fuel distribution infrastructure already in place throughout Brazil, with more than 30 thousand fueling stations, a heritage of the <i>Pró-Álcool</i> program<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BRgas08_139-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-BRgas08-139" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[137]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Owing to the success and rapid consumer acceptance of the flex-fuel versions, by 2005 VW had sold 293,523 flex-fuel cars and light-duty trucks, and only 53,074 petrol-only automobiles,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ANFAVEA05_140-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-ANFAVEA05-140" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[138]</a></sup> jumping to 525,838 flex-fuel vehicles and only 13,572 petrol-only cars and 248 petrol-only light trucks in 2007,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ANFAVEA07_141-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-ANFAVEA07-141" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[139]</a></sup> and reaching new car sales of 564,959 flex-fuel vehicles in 2008, representing 96% of all new cars and light-duty trucks sold in that year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ANFAVEA08_142-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-ANFAVEA08-142" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[140]</a></sup> VW do Brasil stopped manufacturing gasoline-only vehicles models for the local market in 2006,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autonews.com_136-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-autonews.com-136" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[134]</a></sup> and all of the remaining petrol-only Volkswagen models sold in Brazil are imported. The flex-fuel models currently produced for the local market are the Gol, Fox, CrossFox, Parati, Polo Hatch, Polo Sedan, Saveiro, Golf, and Kombi.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-143" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-143" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[141]</a></sup> By March 2009, Volkswagen do Brasil had attained the milestone mark of two million flex-fuel vehicles produced since 2003.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-144" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-144" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[142]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-145" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-145" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[143]</a></sup></span></p><h4 style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Hybrid_vehicles">Hybrid vehicles</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Hybrid vehicles">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h4><div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VW_Jetta_Hybrid_WAS_2012_0710.JPG" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1750" data-file-width="2965" decoding="async" height="130" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/VW_Jetta_Hybrid_WAS_2012_0710.JPG/220px-VW_Jetta_Hybrid_WAS_2012_0710.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/VW_Jetta_Hybrid_WAS_2012_0710.JPG/330px-VW_Jetta_Hybrid_WAS_2012_0710.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/VW_Jetta_Hybrid_WAS_2012_0710.JPG/440px-VW_Jetta_Hybrid_WAS_2012_0710.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VW_Jetta_Hybrid_WAS_2012_0710.JPG" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid gets 48 mpg<sub style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1;">‑US</sub> (20.4 km/l) on highway.</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanyo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sanyo">Sanyo</a> have teamed up to develop a battery system for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">hybrid cars</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-146" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-146" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[144]</a></sup> Volkswagen head <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Winterkorn" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Martin Winterkorn">Martin Winterkorn</a> has confirmed the company plans to build compact hybrid electric vehicles. He has stated "There will definitely be compact hybrid models, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Polo">Polo</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf">Golf</a>, and without any great delay", with petrol and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Diesel engine">diesel</a> power. For example, Golf is the ideal model to go hybrid as the Golf 1.4 TSI was recently awarded the "Auto Environment Certificate" by the Oko-Trend Institute for Environmental Research, and was considered one of the most environmentally friendly vehicles of 2007.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-147" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-147" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[145]</a></sup> Also underway at Volkswagen's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Research and development">R&D</a> facilities in Northern Germany is a hybrid version of the next-generation <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Touareg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Touareg">Touareg</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-148" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-148" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[146]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">VW intends all future models to have the hybrid option. "Future VW models will fundamentally also be constructed with hybrid concepts," VW head of development Ulrich Hackenberg told <i>Automobilwoche</i> in an interview. Hackenberg mentioned that the car based on the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_up!" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen up!">Up!</a> concept seen at <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Motor_Show" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Frankfurt Motor Show">Frankfurt Motor Show</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-149" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-149" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[147]</a></sup> as well as all future models, could be offered with either full or partial hybrid options. The rear-engine up! will go into production in 2011. Nothing has been said about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in hybrid</a> options.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-150" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-150" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[148]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen announced at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Motor_Show#010" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geneva Motor Show">2010 Geneva Motor Show</a> the launch of the 2012 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Touareg#Touareg_V6_TSI_Hybrid_(2009)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Touareg">Touareg Hybrid</a>, scheduled for 2011.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-151" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-151" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[149]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-152" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-152" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[150]</a></sup> VW also announced plans to introduce <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>-electric hybrid versions of its most popular models in 2012, beginning with the new <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Jetta">Jetta</a>, followed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf">Golf Hybrid</a> in 2013 together with hybrid versions of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Polo">Passat</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Parkers_153-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-Parkers-153" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[151]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AECs_154-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-AECs-154" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[152]</a></sup> In 2012, the Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid set the world record to become the fastest hybrid car at 187 mph.</span></p><h4 style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Plug-in_electric_vehicles">Plug-in electric vehicles</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Plug-in electric vehicles">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In November 2009, Volkswagen announced it has hired Karl-Thomas Neumann as its group chief officer for <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_traction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Electric traction">electric traction</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-155" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-155" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[153]</a></sup> VW's Chief of research, Jürgen Leohold, said in 2010 the company has concluded <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel-cell_vehicle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fuel-cell vehicle">hydrogen fuel-cell cars</a> are not a viable option.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-156" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-156" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[154]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-157" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-157" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[155]</a></sup></span></p><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_VW_Golf_GTE_charging_fl,_Amsterdam_(20150224_102438).jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2361" data-file-width="3727" decoding="async" height="139" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Black_VW_Golf_GTE_charging_fl%2C_Amsterdam_%2820150224_102438%29.jpg/220px-Black_VW_Golf_GTE_charging_fl%2C_Amsterdam_%2820150224_102438%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Black_VW_Golf_GTE_charging_fl%2C_Amsterdam_%2820150224_102438%29.jpg/330px-Black_VW_Golf_GTE_charging_fl%2C_Amsterdam_%2820150224_102438%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Black_VW_Golf_GTE_charging_fl%2C_Amsterdam_%2820150224_102438%29.jpg/440px-Black_VW_Golf_GTE_charging_fl%2C_Amsterdam_%2820150224_102438%29.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_VW_Golf_GTE_charging_fl,_Amsterdam_(20150224_102438).jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_GTE" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf GTE">Volkswagen Golf GTE</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in hybrid</a> charging.</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">As of May 2016, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a> offers for retails customers nine <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_electric_car" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plug-in electric car">plug-in electric cars</a>, of which, three are <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-electric_car" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="All-electric car">all-electric cars</a>: the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_e-Up!" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen e-Up!">Volkswagen e-Up!</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_e-Golf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen e-Golf">e-Golf</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_R8_e-tron" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Audi R8 e-tron">Audi R8 e-tron</a>, and six are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in hybrids</a>: the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_GTE" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf GTE">Volkswagen Golf GTE</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_GTE" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Passat GTE">Passat GTE</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_A3_Sportback_e-tron" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Audi A3 Sportback e-tron">Audi A3 Sportback e-tron</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_Q7_e-tron" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Audi Q7 e-tron">Q7 e-tron quattro</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_Panamera_S_E-Hybrid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid">Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_Cayenne_S_E-Hybrid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid">Cayenne S E-Hybrid</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-VWPEVs_158-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-VWPEVs-158" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[156]</a></sup> Also two limited production plug-in hybrids were manufactured beginning in 2013, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_XL1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen XL1">Volkswagen XL1</a> (250 units) and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_918_Spyder" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Porsche 918 Spyder">Porsche 918 Spyder</a> (918 units).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-159" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-159" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[157]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-160" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-160" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[158]</a></sup> Total cumulative sales of all Volkswagen brand <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Electric vehicle">electrified cars</a> since the start of their respective production is expected to reach about 103,000 by the end of 2016.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-VWPEVs_158-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-VWPEVs-158" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[156]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_ID.4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen ID.4">Volkswagen ID.4</a> was launched in the U.S. in September 2020.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In order to comply with increasingly strict <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">carbon dioxide emission</a> limits in major markets, the VW Group expects to sell about one million all-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles a year worldwide by 2025. The Group plans to expand its plug-in range with 20 new pure electric and plug-in hybrid cars, including two cars to compete with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_Mission_E" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Porsche Mission E">Porsche Mission E</a> all-electric car and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_e-tron_(2018)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Audi e-tron (2018)">Audi e-tron</a> quattro, which is expected to become the brand's first mass-production electric vehicle. According to Thomas Ulbrich, VW brand production chief, the carmaker has the capacity to build as many as 75,000 battery-electric and plug-in hybrids a year if demand rises. Volkswagen announced in October 2015 that "it will develop a modular architecture for battery-electric cars, called the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_MEB_platform" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Group MEB platform">MEB</a>. The standardised system will be designed for all body structures and vehicle types and will allow the company to build emotionally appealing EVs with a range of up to 310 mi (500 km)."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-VWPEVs_158-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-VWPEVs-158" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[156]</a></sup> In June 2016, VW launched a program to develop 30 all-electric cars in 10 years, and sell 2–3 million electric cars per year by 2025.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-161" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-161" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[159]</a></sup> Due to lower manpower requirements for electric motors than for piston engines, VW expects a gradual workforce reduction as numbers of electric cars increase.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-162" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-162" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[160]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-163" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-163" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[161]</a></sup> VW considers battery factory ownership as too expensive.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-164" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-164" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[162]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Flying_vehicles">Flying vehicles</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Flying vehicles">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In February 2021, Volkswagen issued a statement that "vertical mobility" could be the next step after self-driving technology. It announced that the company is exploring the feasibility of flying vehicles in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="China">China</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-165" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-165" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[163]</a></sup></span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Controversies">Controversies</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Environmental_record" style="color: #ff00fe; font-size: 1.2em;">Environmental record</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="color: #ff00fe; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Environmental record">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span><span style="color: #ff00fe;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_involved_in_the_Holocaust" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of companies involved in the Holocaust">List of companies involved in the Holocaust</a></span></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VW_XL_1_vr.JPG" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2736" data-file-width="3648" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/VW_XL_1_vr.JPG/220px-VW_XL_1_vr.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/VW_XL_1_vr.JPG/330px-VW_XL_1_vr.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/VW_XL_1_vr.JPG/440px-VW_XL_1_vr.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VW_XL_1_vr.JPG" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_XL1" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen XL1">Volkswagen XL1</a>, with potential mileage as high as 261 mpg, is the most fuel-efficient car in the world</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 1974 Volkswagen paid a $120,000 fine to settle a complaint filed by the Environmental Protection Agency over the use of so-called "defeat devices" that disabled certain pollution-control systems. The complaint said the use of the devices violated the US Clean Air Act.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-166" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-166" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[164]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 1996, Volkswagen first implemented its seven environmental goals in Technical Development with themes involving climate protection, resource conservation, and healthcare, through objectives such as reducing greenhouse emissions and fuel consumption, enabling alternative fuels, and avoiding hazardous materials.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Volkswagen_Environment_167-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-Volkswagen_Environment-167" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[165]</a></sup> The goals have been revised in 2002 and 2007. Volkswagen was the first car manufacturer to apply <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_14000" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISO 14000">ISO 14000</a> during its drafting stage and was re-certified in September 2005.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 2011, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeace" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> began criticising Volkswagen's opposition to legislation requiring tighter controls on CO<sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">2</sub> emissions and energy efficiency, and launched an advertising campaign parodying VW's series of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i>–based commercials.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Volkswagen_Environment_167-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-Volkswagen_Environment-167" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[165]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-168" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-168" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[166]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 2015, the Volkswagen group admitted to producing certain engine models with software that instructed those models to reduce CO<sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">2</sub> emissions during approval testing. These levels were significantly reduced from the actual CO<sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">2</sub> concentrations being released once on the road.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-169" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-169" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[167]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 2013, the Volkswagen XL1 became the most fuel-efficient production car in the world, with a claimed combined fuel consumption of 261 mpg (0.90 liter/100 km). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy-efficient_driving" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Energy-efficient driving">Driving style</a> has huge impact on this result – "normal" driving produces mileage in the 120 mpg range (1.96 liter/100 km).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-170" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-170" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[168]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Model year 2017 VW vehicles sold in the US average 26.5 mpg<sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">US</sub>, about 6% better than the average for all manufacturers. For comparison among major car makers, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Honda">Honda</a> led at 29.4 mpg<sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">US</sub> while <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_Chrysler_Automobiles" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fiat Chrysler Automobiles">FCA</a>, the owner of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jeep">Jeep</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Trucks" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ram Trucks">Ram</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fiat">Fiat</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dodge">Dodge</a> brands, lagged at 21.2 mpg<sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">US</sub>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-171" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-171" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[169]</a></sup></span></p><h4 style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="US_diesel_emission_fraud">US diesel emission fraud</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: US diesel emission fraud">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h4><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_emissions_scandal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen emissions scandal">Volkswagen emissions scandal</a></span></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%2709_Volkswagen_Jetta_Diesel_Sedan_(MIAS).JPG" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1753" data-file-width="2028" decoding="async" height="190" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%2709_Volkswagen_Jetta_Diesel_Sedan_%28MIAS%29.JPG/220px-%2709_Volkswagen_Jetta_Diesel_Sedan_%28MIAS%29.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%2709_Volkswagen_Jetta_Diesel_Sedan_%28MIAS%29.JPG/330px-%2709_Volkswagen_Jetta_Diesel_Sedan_%28MIAS%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%2709_Volkswagen_Jetta_Diesel_Sedan_%28MIAS%29.JPG/440px-%2709_Volkswagen_Jetta_Diesel_Sedan_%28MIAS%29.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%2709_Volkswagen_Jetta_Diesel_Sedan_(MIAS).JPG" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The 2009 Volkswagen Jetta Diesel Sedan was awarded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Car_of_the_Year" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Green Car of the Year">Green Car of the Year</a>. The award was rescinded in early October 2015.</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">On 18 September 2015, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) said beginning in 2008 the car maker fraudulently installed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_control_unit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Engine control unit">engine control unit</a> (ECU) software determined to be a "defeat device", in violation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a>, to circumvent environmental regulations of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOx" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NOx">NO<sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;"><i>x</i></sub></a> emissions by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a> 2009–2015 model year Volkswagen and Audi cars. The software detects when the cars were being subject to emissions testing, and then fully enables the ECU emission controls to successfully pass.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-172" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-172" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[170]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-173" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-173" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[171]</a></sup> However, during normal driving conditions, emission control software was shut off in order to attain greater fuel economy and additional power, resulting in as much as 40 times more pollution than allowed by law.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-174" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-174" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[172]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-175" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-175" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[173]</a></sup> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Reports" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a></i> tested a 2011 Jetta SportWagen TDI and found in emissions mode its 0–60 mph time slowed down by 0.6 seconds and its highway fuel economy dropped from 50 mpg to 46 mpg.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fisher2015_176-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-Fisher2015-176" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[174]</a></sup> Volkswagen admitted to using the defeat device, and has been ordered to recall approximately 482,000 cars with four-cylinder 2.0-liter <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharged_Direct_Injection" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Turbocharged Direct Injection">TDI</a> engines.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-177" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-177" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[175]</a></sup> United States federal penalties may include fines ranging up to US$18<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>billion, and possibly criminal charges.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT_EPA_178-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-NYT_EPA-178" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[176]</a></sup> On 28 June 2016, Volkswagen agreed to pay a settlement of $15.3 billion, the largest auto-related consumer class-action lawsuit in United States history.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-179" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-179" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[177]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In May 2014, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="EPA">EPA</a> was first alerted to the issue by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_on_Clean_Transportation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Council on Clean Transportation">International Council on Clean Transportation</a> (ICCT), reporting results<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CAFEE_180-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-CAFEE-180" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[178]</a></sup> of research commissioned for them by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_University" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="West Virginia University">West Virginia University</a>'s Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions (CAFEE).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CandD_181-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-CandD-181" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[179]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-182" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-182" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[180]</a></sup> After 15 months of denying the emissions control systems were deliberately gamed and instead claiming discrepancies due to "technical" reasons, on 21 August Volkswagen acknowledged to the EPA and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="California Air Resources Board">California Air Resources Board</a> (CARB) their emission controls systems were rigged. This was followed by a formal announcement of admission to regulators on 3 September which took place immediately after the EPA threatened to withhold approval for their 2016 cars.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-183" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-183" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[181]</a></sup> Volkswagen's initial public response came on 20 September, when a spokesman said they would stop all US sales of the diesel models affected. Chairman Martin Winterkorn issued an apology and said Volkswagen would cooperate with investigators.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ewing2015a_184-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-Ewing2015a-184" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[182]</a></sup> Since emission standards in Canada are close to those in the US, Volkswagen Canada also halted sales of the affected diesel models.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-185" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-185" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[183]</a></sup> On 22 September 2015, a Volkswagen spokesman admitted that the defeat device is installed in ~11 million vehicles with Type <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA_189" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="EA 189">EA 189</a> diesel engines worldwide.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-186" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-186" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[184]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">On the first business day after the news, Volkswagen's stock price declined 20% and declined another 17% the following day, the same day a social media advertisement with <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i> about "how diesel was re-engineered" was removed as well as a series of YouTube ads titled "Diesel Old Wives' Tales".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-187" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-187" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[185]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ewing2015b_188-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-Ewing2015b-188" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[186]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-189" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-189" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[187]</a></sup> On Wednesday, 23 September, Volkswagen chief executive officer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Winterkorn" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Martin Winterkorn">Martin Winterkorn</a> resigned.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-VWrefuses_190-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-VWrefuses-190" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[188]</a></sup> Volkswagen hired <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkland_%26_Ellis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kirkland & Ellis">Kirkland & Ellis</a> law firm for defense, the same firm that defended <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="BP">BP</a> during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Deepwater Horizon oil spill</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-191" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-191" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[189]</a></sup></span></p><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Winterkorn_2015-03-13_001.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2385" data-file-width="2597" decoding="async" height="202" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Martin_Winterkorn_2015-03-13_001.jpg/220px-Martin_Winterkorn_2015-03-13_001.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Martin_Winterkorn_2015-03-13_001.jpg/330px-Martin_Winterkorn_2015-03-13_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Martin_Winterkorn_2015-03-13_001.jpg/440px-Martin_Winterkorn_2015-03-13_001.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Winterkorn_2015-03-13_001.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Former Volkswagen AG CEO <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Winterkorn" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Martin Winterkorn">Martin Winterkorn</a> in March 2015</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">On 2 November 2016, the EPA issued a second notice of violation (NOV) pertaining to certain diesel 3.0-liter <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="V6">V6</a> equipped Audis, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Touareg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Touareg">Volkswagen Touaregs</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_Cayenne" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Porsche Cayenne">Porsche Cayennes</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-192" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-192" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[190]</a></sup> The EPA found beginning with the 2009 model year all vehicles powered by the V6 were non-compliant.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-193" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-193" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[191]</a></sup> During testing the EPA, CARB and Transport Canada discovered software that activates pollution reduction systems when the automobiles are being driven under federal test conditions, otherwise during real-world driving these devices are inactive.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-194" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-194" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[192]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-195" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-195" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[193]</a></sup> Volkswagen disputed the EPA's findings, stating their software was legally permitted;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-196" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-196" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[194]</a></sup> however, shortly thereafter, Volkswagen issued a stop-sale for the EPA's disputed vehicles and additional models the EPA did not question.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-197" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-197" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[195]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In March 2016, the US <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> sued Volkswagen for false advertising, because Volkswagen's "clean diesel" vehicles were less environmentally friendly than advertised.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-198" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-198" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[196]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In November 2016, Volkswagen and its labour unions agreed to reduce the workforce by 30,000 people until 2021 as a result of the costs from the violations. However, 9,000 new jobs would come by producing more electric cars.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-199" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-199" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[197]</a></sup> Volkswagen also announced plans to become the world leader in electric cars, producing 1 million VW-EVs by 2025 and 3 million by the group,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-200" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-200" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[198]</a></sup> and a VW manager stated that its diesel cars would not become available in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-201" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-201" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[199]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">On 11 January 2017, Volkswagen agreed to plead guilty to the emissions-cheating scandal and to pay $4.3 billion in penalties. Six Volkswagen executives were charged.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-202" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-202" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[200]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-203" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-203" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[201]</a></sup> The following day, one of the indicted executives was ordered to be held without bail pending trial as it was feared that he would flee to Germany and extradition would be impossible.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-204" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-204" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[202]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-205" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-205" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[203]</a></sup> Senior VW management staff were warned not to travel to the US by lawyers working for the company.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-206" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-206" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[204]</a></sup> On 23 January 2017, a US judge approved a $1.2 billion settlement in which 650 American dealers, "who, like consumers, were blindsided by the brazen fraud that VW perpetrated," would receive an average of $1.85 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-207" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-207" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[205]</a></sup> The whole scandal was covered in Series 1 of Netflix's 2018 series called <i>Dirty Money</i> in the episode entitled "Hard Knox".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-208" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-208" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[206]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Canadian_emissions_charges">Canadian emissions charges</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Canadian emissions charges">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">On 9 December 2019, Environment and Climate Change Canada charged Volkswagen AG with importing nearly 128,000 cars into Canada that did not meet its emissions standards, but reached a plea deal with the agency in a case involving 60 charges stemming from devices installed to defeat emissions testing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-209" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-209" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[207]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Collaboration_with_dictatorship">Collaboration with dictatorship</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Collaboration with dictatorship">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 2015, activists and former VW employees in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> spoke out in public accusing the company of being silent about the persecution of its workers, which was during <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_military_government" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brazilian military government">Brazil's military dictatorship</a> from 1964 to 1985.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-210" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-210" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[208]</a></sup> VW's security personnel informed Brazil's political police on eventual oppositional activities. In 1976, mass arrests occurred and some VW employees were tortured.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-211" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-211" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[209]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In September 2020, Volkswagen announced that it signed a settlement with Brazilian state prosecutors, including compensation and donations amounting to 36 million reais (US$6.7 million), to atone for its collaboration with the dictatorship.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-212" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-212" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[210]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-213" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-213" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[211]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BrazilReuters_214-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-BrazilReuters-214" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[212]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="CEO_use_of_pun_on_Nazi_slogan">CEO use of pun on Nazi slogan</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: CEO use of pun on Nazi slogan">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 2019, during an internal event with hundreds of managers, the CEO, Herbert Diess, repeatedly said <i>"Ebit macht frei"</i>, ('<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earnings_before_interest,_taxes,_depreciation,_and_amortization" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization">EBIT</a> will set you free'; EBIT is an acronym for "earnings before interest and taxes") a pun on <i>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeit_macht_frei" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arbeit macht frei">Arbeit macht frei</a>"</i>, ('work will set you free'), a slogan that famously appeared above Nazi Germany's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-215" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-215" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[213]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Racist_commercial">Racist commercial</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Racist commercial">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 2020 Volkswagen released a commercial that contained references to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and appeared to show a racial slur.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-216" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-216" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[214]</a></sup> When initially faced with criticism the company stated that the "origin of the people depicted is irrelevant." When they faced an additional backlash from their response, the company stated "We distance ourselves from this and apologise."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-217" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-217" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[215]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Accusations_of_complicity_with_human_rights_abuses_against_Uyghurs">Accusations of complicity with human rights abuses against Uyghurs</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Accusations of complicity with human rights abuses against Uyghurs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 2020, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Strategic_Policy_Institute" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australian Strategic Policy Institute">Australian Strategic Policy Institute</a> listed Volkswagen among "companies directly or indirectly benefiting from the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Uighur workers</a> outside Xinjiang through potentially abusive labour transfer programs."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-218" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-218" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[216]</a></sup> German politician <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_B%C3%BCtikofer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reinhard Bütikofer">Reinhard Bütikofer</a>, the chair of the European Parliament's delegation for relations with China, criticised Volkswagen on these grounds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-219" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-219" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[217]</a></sup> Volkswagen has denied the allegations.</span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Awards">Awards</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volkswagen_Polo_2011_(7708695660).jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="768" data-file-width="1024" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Volkswagen_Polo_2011_%287708695660%29.jpg/220px-Volkswagen_Polo_2011_%287708695660%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Volkswagen_Polo_2011_%287708695660%29.jpg/330px-Volkswagen_Polo_2011_%287708695660%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Volkswagen_Polo_2011_%287708695660%29.jpg/440px-Volkswagen_Polo_2011_%287708695660%29.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volkswagen_Polo_2011_(7708695660).jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Polo">Volkswagen Polo</a> in Christchurch, New Zealand. The Volkswagen Polo won the 2010 World Car of the Year</span></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VW_take_up!_1.0_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht,_25._Februar_2012,_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1656" data-file-width="2343" decoding="async" height="155" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/VW_take_up%21_1.0_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht%2C_25._Februar_2012%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg/220px-VW_take_up%21_1.0_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht%2C_25._Februar_2012%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/VW_take_up%21_1.0_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht%2C_25._Februar_2012%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg/330px-VW_take_up%21_1.0_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht%2C_25._Februar_2012%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/VW_take_up%21_1.0_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht%2C_25._Februar_2012%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg/440px-VW_take_up%21_1.0_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht%2C_25._Februar_2012%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VW_take_up!_1.0_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht,_25._Februar_2012,_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_up!" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen up!">Volkswagen up!</a> won the 2012 World Car of the Year</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen was named the fourth most influential car of the 20th century in the 1999 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_of_the_Century" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Car of the Century">Car of the Century</a> competition, for its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Type 1 "Beetle" model</a>. It trailed only the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a>, BMC <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mini">Mini</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Citroën DS">Citroën DS</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-220" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-220" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[218]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen has produced four winners of the 50-year-old <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="European Car of the Year">European Car of the Year</a> award.</span></p><div class="plainlist"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1992 – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf">Volkswagen Golf</a></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2010 – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Polo">Volkswagen Polo</a></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2013 – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf">Volkswagen Golf</a></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2015 – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Passat">Volkswagen Passat</a></span></li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen has produced five winners of the United States <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Trend_Car_of_the_Year" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Motor Trend Car of the Year">Motor Trend Car of the Year</a> award – the original <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_of_the_Year" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Car of the Year">Car of the Year</a> designation, which began in 1949.</span></p><div class="plainlist"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1985 – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf">Volkswagen GTI</a></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1999 – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_New_Beetle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen New Beetle">Volkswagen New Beetle</a> (Import COTY subgroup)</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2004 – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Touareg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Touareg">Volkswagen Touareg</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Utility_Vehicle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sport Utility Vehicle">Sport Utility Vehicle</a> COTY subgroup)</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2012 – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Passat">Volkswagen Passat</a></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2015 – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf#Seventh_generation_(A7,_Typ_5G;_2013%E2%80%93present)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf">Volkswagen Golf line-up</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-221" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-221" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[219]</a></sup></span></li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen has already produced five winners of the recently developed <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Car_of_the_Year" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World Car of the Year">World Car of the Year</a> award.</span></p><div class="plainlist"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2009 – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf">Volkswagen Golf</a></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2010 – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Polo">Volkswagen Polo</a></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2012 – <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_up!" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen up!">Volkswagen up!</a></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2013 – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Golf">Volkswagen Golf</a></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2021 – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_ID.4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen ID.4">Volkswagen ID.4</a></span></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Motorsport">Motorsport</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Motorsport">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Motorsport" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Motorsport">Volkswagen Motorsport</a></span></div><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Formula_racing">Formula racing</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Formula racing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 1963, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Vee" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formula Vee">Formula Vee</a> circuit racing, with cars built from easily available <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle#Power" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Beetle</a> parts, started in the United States. It quickly spread to Europe and other parts of the world. It proved very popular as a low-cost route into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_racing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formula racing">formula racing</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-222" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-222" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[220]</a></sup></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 1971, Volkswagen of America started the more powerful <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Super_Vee" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formula Super Vee">Formula Super Vee</a>, which became famous for hothousing new talent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 11 years it ran, until 1982, it produced a stable of world-famous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> drivers—names like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niki_Lauda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Niki Lauda">Niki Lauda</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochen_Mass" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jochen Mass">Jochen Mass</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Piquet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nelson Piquet">Nelson Piquet</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochen_Rindt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jochen Rindt">Jochen Rindt</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keke_Rosberg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Keke Rosberg">Keke Rosberg</a>. Volkswagen also notched up several victories, and the championship in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Three" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formula Three">Formula Three</a>.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In July 2011 Wolfgang Dürheimer, the director of Bugatti and Bentley, told German magazine <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto,_Motor_und_Sport" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auto, Motor und Sport">Auto, Motor und Sport</a></i> that "if [the VW group] is at the forefront of the auto industry, I can imagine us competing in Formula 1 in 2018. We have enough brands to pull it off."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-223" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-223" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[221]</a></sup> They did not compete in F1 in 2018.</span></li></ul><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="World_Rally_Championship">World Rally Championship</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: World Rally Championship">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 1981, now based in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, VW took a new direction into rallying, with the launch of the first-generation Golf, and Sweden's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Eklund" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Per Eklund">Per Eklund</a>, Frenchman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Th%C3%A9rier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jean-Luc Thérier">Jean-Luc Thérier</a>, and the Finn <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentti_Airikkala" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pentti Airikkala">Pentti Airikkala</a>. The final chapters in Volkswagen Racing UK's rallying story were the 'one-make' Castrol Polo Challenge, and the Polo GTI 'Super 1600' in 2001.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen Motorsport won the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rally_Championship" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World Rally Championship">World Rally Championship</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Ogier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sébastien Ogier">Sébastien Ogier</a> and co-driver <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Ingrassia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Julien Ingrassia">Julien Ingrassia</a> four years in a row from 2013 to 2016 in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo_R_WRC" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Polo R WRC">Volkswagen Polo R WRC</a>.</span></li></ul><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Dakar_Rally">Dakar Rally</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=39" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Dakar Rally">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 1980, Volkswagen competed with the Audi-developed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Iltis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Iltis">Iltis</a>, placing 1st, 2nd, 4th and 9th overall.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 2003, the Hanover-based team entered with a 2WD buggy named Tarek, finishing 6th overall and 1st in the 2WD and Diesel class.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 2005, an updated Race-Touareg with slightly more power entered, with driver <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Saby" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bruno Saby">Bruno Saby</a> finishing 3rd overall and 1st in the Diesel class.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 2006, the revised Race-Touareg entered, with driver <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giniel_de_Villiers" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Giniel de Villiers">Giniel de Villiers</a> finishing 2nd overall and 1st in the Diesel class.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Volkswagen won the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Dakar_Rally" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="2009 Dakar Rally">2009</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Dakar_Rally" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="2010 Dakar Rally">2010</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Dakar_Rally" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="2011 Dakar Rally">2011 Dakar Rally</a>, held in South America.</span></li></ul><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Volkswagen_motorsport_worldwide">Volkswagen motorsport worldwide</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&section=40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Volkswagen motorsport worldwide">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Europe: In 1998 the company founded the ADAC Volkswagen Lupo Cup, founded in 1998 (renamed Polo Cup in 2003, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco_R-Cup" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Scirocco R-Cup">Volkswagen Scirocco R-Cup</a> from 2010 to 2014), and started the ADAC <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_New_Beetle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen New Beetle">New Beetle</a> Cup in 2000. In 2004, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Commercial_Vehicles" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles">Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles</a> entered the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Truck_Racing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="European Truck Racing">European Truck Racing</a> series with the Volkswagen Titan truck – it became a back-to-back champion for the 2004 and 2005 series.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">United States: In 1976, Volkswagen entered the under-2000-cc <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Am_Series" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trans-Am Series">Trans-Am Series</a>, with the Scirocco, and they won their class outright.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-224" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-224" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[222]</a></sup> Beginning in 2008 Volkswagen introduced the Jetta TDI Cup. The Jetta TDI Cup is an SCCA sanctioned race series that features 25 drivers between the ages of 16 and 26 driving slightly modified 2009 Jetta TDIs. The series features 10 events at 8 different road courses across North America. There is $50,000 prize money at stake over the course of the series in addition to the $100,000 prize awarded to the champion of the series at the conclusion of the last race.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-225" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen#cite_note-225" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[223]</a></sup></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Argentina: Many Volkswagen models have competed in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TC_2000" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="TC 2000">TC 2000</a>, including the 1980 to 1983 champion <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillman_Avenger#Argentina" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hillman Avenger">Volkswagen 1500</a> and the 1994 champion <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Gol" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volkswagen Gol">Volkswagen Gol</a>.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 1999 and 2000, VW won the F2 Australian Rally Championship with the Golf GTI.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Finland: In 2002, VW won the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Rally_Championship" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Finnish Rally Championship">Finnish Rally Championship</a> in a7/(F2), with a Golf Mk4 KitCar, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikko_Hirvonen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mikko Hirvonen">Mikko Hirvonen</a>. In 1999 and 2000, VW won the Finnish Rally Championship in a7/(F2) with a Golf Mk3 KitCar. In 2000, 2001 and 2002, VW won the Finnish Racing Championship in Sport 2000 with a Golf Mk4.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Austria: From 1967 until 1974, the Austrian sole distributor <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_Salzburg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Porsche Salzburg">Porsche Salzburg</a> entered the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VW_Beetle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="VW Beetle">VW Beetle</a> (1500, 1302S and 1303S) in Europe-wide rallies. Victories were achieved in 1972 and 1973 in the overall Austrian championship, on Elba, in the Acropolis rally (first in class). Top drivers were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Fall" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tony Fall">Tony Fall</a> (GB), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achim_Warmbold" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Achim Warmbold">Achim Warmbold</a> (D), Günter Janger (A), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_K%C3%A4llstr%C3%B6m" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Harry Källström">Harry Källström</a>(S).</span></li></ul></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-53834036867691348552022-04-27T14:12:00.000-05:002022-05-12T12:42:25.379-05:00Easter pics<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTYyYNNii7OX_rIu3eXAc1Dc2XmV2C7MpfatAzJMJzRhH809_ZuEG2oOTpemIbQjM72r2R-4-JxnnhZchkjgt9S7qIwBAs5b-XViNxugvABrQxPUohWv9uf-dwozHo9Xl8x8M4L0Hlf80zIxRMvHyGsaAv0_pWYidQ6s8tVK8CJFwavPXJRiBWg6dM/s1920/278502731_144516841471943_5148174040576254339_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTYyYNNii7OX_rIu3eXAc1Dc2XmV2C7MpfatAzJMJzRhH809_ZuEG2oOTpemIbQjM72r2R-4-JxnnhZchkjgt9S7qIwBAs5b-XViNxugvABrQxPUohWv9uf-dwozHo9Xl8x8M4L0Hlf80zIxRMvHyGsaAv0_pWYidQ6s8tVK8CJFwavPXJRiBWg6dM/s320/278502731_144516841471943_5148174040576254339_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>my beautiful extended family. The 2 beauties on each end are my nieces the littles are the great nephew and great niece<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjECBqw6rEbnb9HDcv_B-f3HqkZK3uHbvqDlRTFIx5esfvWo6APJysTnZbs8FmG-pIep5XrfjXKb6aem-Mo3Iwqc5hOtQ5l3o3L0XeocJ1xv-lPKd8u7Yn1PhcLwBR8nb22lKrFnhNtZAak0IM2R9xiETCGEHcvgsz9VDFytG7k3pOVdDvapokg26ld/s2048/278566039_144516658138628_1932892453027255715_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjECBqw6rEbnb9HDcv_B-f3HqkZK3uHbvqDlRTFIx5esfvWo6APJysTnZbs8FmG-pIep5XrfjXKb6aem-Mo3Iwqc5hOtQ5l3o3L0XeocJ1xv-lPKd8u7Yn1PhcLwBR8nb22lKrFnhNtZAak0IM2R9xiETCGEHcvgsz9VDFytG7k3pOVdDvapokg26ld/s320/278566039_144516658138628_1932892453027255715_n.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;">The twins first Easter This is Samuel Everette</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggDlfROUVMH5MKjp45drKahyS3ecNiXz0FlbLEXutopZB9_U0ONpm8y6xWtBFRvbGda5fknn_Wgn4x__IrOomF2Pp265Q7RUMmLkiUAVOWwiXyY7_8RgKuxReHZpPZeElVSw5exOCJ923-JBPeQ36KaO43vOt9cgKj5684qbxijdehTTNZD5dshGFj/s1920/278505910_144516891471938_2532349145686415549_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggDlfROUVMH5MKjp45drKahyS3ecNiXz0FlbLEXutopZB9_U0ONpm8y6xWtBFRvbGda5fknn_Wgn4x__IrOomF2Pp265Q7RUMmLkiUAVOWwiXyY7_8RgKuxReHZpPZeElVSw5exOCJ923-JBPeQ36KaO43vOt9cgKj5684qbxijdehTTNZD5dshGFj/s320/278505910_144516891471938_2532349145686415549_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>My Nieces with their husbands <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQsRvm5rOe4rbFk_HfOnR3ZooJ6lTdTDl856WAtRue1DNVABMHLzdyM6gTl0AuplpEuagn-XYXZdv8y7zRz2TBc0ajo8V8bCKCqGComIObuZwvX6ZKP3MHkNW6X-xKfaOyFgaDHrkh-8DmM_20OUpDatbQLy6ncHoswFsYVhAJKmQvWe5VhVvET2me/s2048/278508429_144516808138613_4323752516722894378_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQsRvm5rOe4rbFk_HfOnR3ZooJ6lTdTDl856WAtRue1DNVABMHLzdyM6gTl0AuplpEuagn-XYXZdv8y7zRz2TBc0ajo8V8bCKCqGComIObuZwvX6ZKP3MHkNW6X-xKfaOyFgaDHrkh-8DmM_20OUpDatbQLy6ncHoswFsYVhAJKmQvWe5VhVvET2me/s320/278508429_144516808138613_4323752516722894378_n.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>Great niece Cheyenne holding Carter Lynn<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq6AfZMrW95R92GUo8LERDxdPkg6rcr1QudwNfXsVICUNTXYqyhCSNP9x3XYscI30ynySUW0kR-o3ylR1TMLmPLIJEHr3Kx1zt1YPOHeNOERxE9YfDjm5OZUPSdAxToC1DR_Zb-ojm3YFfWBT-p0Ce4fd4CBOInKQOPRitzjxT384GMVVrWApxhHma/s2048/278509456_144516628138631_4229714101699033143_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq6AfZMrW95R92GUo8LERDxdPkg6rcr1QudwNfXsVICUNTXYqyhCSNP9x3XYscI30ynySUW0kR-o3ylR1TMLmPLIJEHr3Kx1zt1YPOHeNOERxE9YfDjm5OZUPSdAxToC1DR_Zb-ojm3YFfWBT-p0Ce4fd4CBOInKQOPRitzjxT384GMVVrWApxhHma/s320/278509456_144516628138631_4229714101699033143_n.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>Carter Lynn his first Easter with his mom Blonde hair niece is the twins moms<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ_59zFrROaaYNVu8X0ZAyUtD4hpB-Ag0dPse15pIudpUVWJ9-8hvSrovsxhwfTqKxOk7wrs-Cq5qHLh22ukJDFD_4Ll75IwiVvvpPVRrx-e5FttcjvMadJGZVhM6blJwLl5IiLSiy3gc47eUgx13tPdS0_nP4khcpsC3ktwtFYIuOGfMlv8R3k_yP/s2048/278511247_144516951471932_5868415998419233675_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ_59zFrROaaYNVu8X0ZAyUtD4hpB-Ag0dPse15pIudpUVWJ9-8hvSrovsxhwfTqKxOk7wrs-Cq5qHLh22ukJDFD_4Ll75IwiVvvpPVRrx-e5FttcjvMadJGZVhM6blJwLl5IiLSiy3gc47eUgx13tPdS0_nP4khcpsC3ktwtFYIuOGfMlv8R3k_yP/s320/278511247_144516951471932_5868415998419233675_n.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>My Very Beautiful nieces.</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /> <p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2546337098599425007.post-83658305940248915122022-04-25T17:08:00.000-05:002022-05-12T12:42:25.502-05:00A to Z Challenge U is for ultralight<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBtymj8Mq_C0F9MzX3ldZETZF4UioEQmOfGwQaQbde-xUXiVrETkGqwbIlDZMcHgL9rXKrpxJ4yISdlcsmVpdw5xr56-CRbQmGdd3a4W1xuAfgrHdFElFc2OkKk0RqTf3fvJ2W6MHvVaTSgdAEogjqOU-X1F4du2_h6FBQDZ_POuLO-teNCSg_PXBt/s201/2022-UUU.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="201" data-original-width="201" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBtymj8Mq_C0F9MzX3ldZETZF4UioEQmOfGwQaQbde-xUXiVrETkGqwbIlDZMcHgL9rXKrpxJ4yISdlcsmVpdw5xr56-CRbQmGdd3a4W1xuAfgrHdFElFc2OkKk0RqTf3fvJ2W6MHvVaTSgdAEogjqOU-X1F4du2_h6FBQDZ_POuLO-teNCSg_PXBt/s1600/2022-UUU.jpg" width="201" /></a></div>U is for ultralight<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h1 class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" id="firstHeading" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Ultralight aviation</span></h1><div class="vector-body" id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); line-height: 1.6; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="font-size: 12.88px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></div><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"> (Redirected from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultralight&redirect=no" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ultralight">Ultralight</a>)</span></span></div><div id="contentSub2" style="font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;"></div><div id="jump-to-nav"></div><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#mw-head" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: block; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute !important; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Jump to navigation</span></a><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#searchInput" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: block; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute !important; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Jump to search</span></a><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">"Ultralight" redirects here. For the style of backpacking, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_backpacking" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ultralight backpacking">Ultralight backpacking</a>.</span></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huntair.pathfinder.arp.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1150" data-file-width="1500" decoding="async" height="169" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Huntair.pathfinder.arp.jpg/220px-Huntair.pathfinder.arp.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Huntair.pathfinder.arp.jpg/330px-Huntair.pathfinder.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Huntair.pathfinder.arp.jpg/440px-Huntair.pathfinder.arp.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huntair.pathfinder.arp.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Huntair Pathfinder Mark 1 ultralight</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><b>Ultralight aviation</b> (called <b>microlight aviation</b> in some countries) is the flying of lightweight, 1- or 2-seat fixed-wing aircraft. Some countries differentiate between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight-shift_control" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Weight-shift control">weight-shift control</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aircraft flight control system">conventional three-axis control</a> aircraft with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileron" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aileron">ailerons</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator_(aircraft)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elevator (aircraft)">elevator</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rudder">rudder</a>, calling the former "microlight" and the latter "ultralight".</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">During the late 1970s and early 1980s, mostly stimulated by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_gliding" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hang gliding">hang gliding</a> movement, many people sought affordable powered flight. As a result, many aviation authorities set up definitions of lightweight, slow-flying aeroplanes that could be subject to minimum regulations. The resulting aeroplanes are commonly called "ultralight aircraft" or "microlights", although the weight and speed limits differ from country to country. In Europe, the sporting (FAI) definition limits the maximum stalling speed to 65 km/h (40 mph) and the maximum take-off weight to 450 kg (992 lb), or 472.5 kg (1,042 lb) if a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_parachute" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ballistic parachute">ballistic parachute</a> is installed. The definition means that the aircraft has a slow landing speed and short landing roll in the event of an engine failure.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WDLA11_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-WDLA11-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In most affluent countries, microlights or ultralight aircraft now account for a significant percentage of the global civilian-owned aircraft. For instance in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canada">Canada</a> in February 2018, the ultralight aircraft fleet made up to 20.4% of the total civilian aircraft registered.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TCCARS_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-TCCARS-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> In other countries that do not register ultralight aircraft, like the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States">United States</a>, it is unknown what proportion of the total fleet they make up. In countries where there is no specific extra regulation, ultralights are considered regular aircraft and subject to certification requirements for both aircraft and pilot.</span></p><div aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" class="toc" id="toc" role="navigation" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: table; font-size: 13.3px; padding: 7px;"><input class="toctogglecheckbox" id="toctogglecheckbox" role="button" style="display: none; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; z-index: -1;" type="checkbox" /><div class="toctitle" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 13.3px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan" style="font-size: 12.502px;"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="cursor: pointer;"></label></span></span></div><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#Definitions" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Definitions</span></span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#Australia" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Australia</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#Canada" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Canada</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#United_Kingdom" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">United Kingdom</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#New_Zealand" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">New Zealand</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#United_States" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">United States</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#Types" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Types</span></span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#Electric" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Electric</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#See_also" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#References" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#External_links" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></span></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Definitions">Definitions</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultralight_aviation&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px;"><caption style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Definitions of ultralight aircraft</span></caption><tbody><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Country</span></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Type</span></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Capacity</span></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="maximum take-off weight"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">MTOW</span></abbr></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Time</span></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Licence</span></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Other conditions</span></th></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Australia</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_Aviation_Australia" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Recreational Aviation Australia">Recreational Aircraft</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AustraliaRegs_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-AustraliaRegs-3" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">600 kg; 614 kg for seaplane</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">—</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">—</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">—</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Sport_Aircraft" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Light Sport Aircraft">Light Sport Aircraft</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RAALSA_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-RAALSA-4" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">600 kg; 650 kg for seaplane</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">—</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">—</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">—</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Brazil</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Ultralight</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">750 kg</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Daylight visual conditions</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">—</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">used mainly, or intended for, sports or recreation<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RBHA_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-RBHA-5" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Canada</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">basic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aircraft_(Canada)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ultralight aircraft (Canada)">ultra-light aeroplane</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1,200 lb (544 kg)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Daylight visual conditions</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_licensing_in_Canada#Ultra-light_pilot_permit" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pilot licensing in Canada"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Ultralight Pilot Permit</span></a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">may be operated from land or water</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">advanced ultra-light aeroplane</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1,232 lb (559 kg)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Daylight visual conditions</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_licensing_in_Canada#Ultra-light_pilot_permit" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pilot licensing in Canada"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Ultralight Pilot Permit</span></a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">may only carry a passenger if the pilot has an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_licensing_in_Canada#Passenger-carrying%E2%80%94ultra-light_aeroplane_rating" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pilot licensing in Canada">Ultralight Aeroplane Passenger Carrying Rating</a>; may operate at a controlled airport without prior arrangement<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-6" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Europe<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-7" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">land plane/helicopter, single-seater</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">300 kg</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Daylight VFR</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_licensing_in_Canada#Ultra-light_pilot_permit" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pilot licensing in Canada"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Ultralight Pilot Permit</span></a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Sport or recreation only</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">land plane/helicopter, two-seater</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">450 kg</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Daylight VFR</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_licensing_in_Canada#Ultra-light_pilot_permit" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pilot licensing in Canada"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Ultralight Pilot Permit</span></a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Sport or recreation only</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">amphibian or floatplane/helicopter single-seater</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">495 kg</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Daylight VFR</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_licensing_in_Canada#Ultra-light_pilot_permit" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pilot licensing in Canada"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Ultralight Pilot Permit</span></a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">where operating both as a floatplane/helicopter and as a land plane/ helicopter, it falls below both MTOW limits, as appropriate</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">land plane, two-seater equipped with an airframe mounted total recovery parachute system</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">472.5 kg</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Daylight VFR</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_licensing_in_Canada#Ultra-light_pilot_permit" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pilot licensing in Canada"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Ultralight Pilot Permit</span></a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Sport or recreation only</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">land plane single-seater equipped with an airframe mounted total recovery parachute system</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">315 kg</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Daylight VFR</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_licensing_in_Canada#Ultra-light_pilot_permit" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pilot licensing in Canada"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Ultralight Pilot Permit</span></a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Sport or recreation only</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">gyroplane</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1–2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">560 kg</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Daylight VFR</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_licensing_in_Canada#Ultra-light_pilot_permit" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pilot licensing in Canada"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Ultralight Pilot Permit</span></a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Sport or recreation only</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">India</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">—</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">450 kg without parachute</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">—</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">current permit to fly<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IndianUL_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-IndianUL-8" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">—</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Italy</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">ultraleggero</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1—2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Max Take Off Weight MTOW</span><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2 persons, 472.5 kg (450 kg without parachute)</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Kg 500 Hydroplanes</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Single Kg. 300;</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Hydroplane single Kg. 330</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Stall speed 65 km/h.</span></p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Daylight, minimum of 500 ft (152 m).</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">certificate exam, insurance and a medical examination.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Leggi_e_Regolamenti_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-Leggi_e_Regolamenti-9" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">requires a helmet only for open cockpit aircraft. Flying over populated areas and assemblies of people are prohibited.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DPR_133_10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-DPR_133-10" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Japan</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Ultra light power machine<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-:0-11" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-:1-12" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></span><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">(undefined in Civil Aeronautics Act)</span></p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1–2<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-:0-11" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-:1-12" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Max empty weight:</span><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">180 kg(1 seat)</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">225 kg (2 seats), with extra weight allowed for emergency parachute up to 11 kg and for floats up to 28 kg<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-:0-11" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_12-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-:1-12" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></span></p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Daylight visual conditions<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-:2-13" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Minister's permission carried on board for each year<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-:2-13" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> instead of licence<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:3_14-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-:3-14" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:4_15-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-:4-15" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></span><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Passengers also need permission.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2_13-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-:2-13" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></span></p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Sports or recreational use only<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_12-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-:1-12" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></span><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Other minister's permissions:</span></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">flight permission (for each 2 – 4 months)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_12-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-:1-12" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:3_14-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-:3-14" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:4_15-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-:4-15" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Permission of land owner for landing and for take off<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:3_14-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-:3-14" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:4_15-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-:4-15" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></span></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Flyable area: uncontrolled airspace over unpopulated areas, within 3 km from departure point and landing at another point forbidden.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2_13-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-:2-13" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Aircraft:</span></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">powered, non-certified, propeller aircraft, including autogyro, with landing gear</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Minimum required equipment: airspeed indicator and altimeter</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Maximum stall speed: 65 km/h</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Minimum wing area: 10 m<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">2</sup></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Maximum speed: 185 km/h</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Maximum fuel capacity: 30L (8 US gal)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_12-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-:1-12" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:3_14-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-:3-14" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">New Zealand</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">NZ Class 1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">510 kg, 550 kg for seaplanes</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">—</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">—</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">—</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">NZ Class 2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">600 kg, 650 kg for seaplanes</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">—</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">—</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">—</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Philippines</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">non-type certified aircraft<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-car_16-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-car-16" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-caap_17-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-caap-17" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">—</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">—</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Daytime VFR</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">—</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">recreational and sport use</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">United Kingdom</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Sub-70 kg Unregulated, Single Seat De-Regulated, Two seat Regulated.</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1–2<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-18" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Several definitions, from 70 kg with full fuel to 650 kg maximum weight at take-off</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Daytime VFR</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Licence not required for Sub-70 kg, else NPPL licence required<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-19" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-20" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Recreational. No paid work.</span></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">United States</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aircraft_(United_States)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ultralight aircraft (United States)"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">ultralight aircraft</span></a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Empty weight of less than 254 pounds (115 kg)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FAR_Part103_21-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-FAR_Part103-21" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-USUAFAQ_22-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-USUAFAQ-22" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Daylight hours</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">no license required</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">less than 5 US gallons (19 L) fuel capacity, empty weight of less than 254 pounds (115 kg), a top speed of 55 knots (102 km/h or 64 mph), and a maximum <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stall_speed" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stall speed">stall speed</a> not exceeding 24 knots (45 km/h or 27.6 mph). May only be flown over unpopulated areas.</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-sport_aircraft" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Light-sport aircraft"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">light-sport aircraft</span></a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">1320 pounds (600 kg); 1430 pounds (650 kg) for seaplanes.</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Daytime VFR</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_pilot_certificate" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sport pilot certificate"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">sport pilot certificate</span></a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Max. Speed (CAS) in Level Flight 138 mph / 120 knots.</span><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Max. Stall Speed 51 mph / 45 knots.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Must have fixed landing gear, and a single engine with fixed pitch propeller.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pegasus_quantum_15-912_microlight_g-byff_kemble_arp.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1302" data-file-width="1197" decoding="async" height="239" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pegasus_quantum_15-912_microlight_g-byff_kemble_arp.jpg/220px-Pegasus_quantum_15-912_microlight_g-byff_kemble_arp.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pegasus_quantum_15-912_microlight_g-byff_kemble_arp.jpg/330px-Pegasus_quantum_15-912_microlight_g-byff_kemble_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pegasus_quantum_15-912_microlight_g-byff_kemble_arp.jpg/440px-Pegasus_quantum_15-912_microlight_g-byff_kemble_arp.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pegasus_quantum_15-912_microlight_g-byff_kemble_arp.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus_Quantum" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pegasus Quantum">Pegasus Quantum 145-912</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_trike" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ultralight trike">ultralight trike</a></span></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CTSW_N646MA.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="714" data-file-width="1000" decoding="async" height="157" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/CTSW_N646MA.jpg/220px-CTSW_N646MA.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/CTSW_N646MA.jpg/330px-CTSW_N646MA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/CTSW_N646MA.jpg/440px-CTSW_N646MA.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CTSW_N646MA.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_Design_CTSW" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Flight Design CTSW"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Flight Design CTSW</span></a></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 172px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PPGInFlight.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="640" data-file-width="480" decoding="async" height="227" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/55/PPGInFlight.jpg/170px-PPGInFlight.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/55/PPGInFlight.jpg/255px-PPGInFlight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/55/PPGInFlight.jpg/340px-PPGInFlight.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PPGInFlight.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powered_paragliding" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Powered paragliding">powered paraglider</a></span></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DFEAscenderIIIC01.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="563" data-file-width="750" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DFEAscenderIIIC01.jpg/220px-DFEAscenderIIIC01.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DFEAscenderIIIC01.jpg/330px-DFEAscenderIIIC01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DFEAscenderIIIC01.jpg/440px-DFEAscenderIIIC01.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DFEAscenderIIIC01.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">A US-made <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterodactyl_Ascender" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pterodactyl Ascender">Pterodactyl Ascender</a> ultralight on a camping flight</span></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UltraflightLazairSeriesIII.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="1600" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/UltraflightLazairSeriesIII.jpg/220px-UltraflightLazairSeriesIII.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/UltraflightLazairSeriesIII.jpg/330px-UltraflightLazairSeriesIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/UltraflightLazairSeriesIII.jpg/440px-UltraflightLazairSeriesIII.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UltraflightLazairSeriesIII.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Canadian <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazair" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lazair">Lazair</a> ultralight covered in clear <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylar" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mylar">Mylar</a></span></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WikipediaHangmotor.jpg" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="447" data-file-width="606" decoding="async" height="162" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/WikipediaHangmotor.jpg/220px-WikipediaHangmotor.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/WikipediaHangmotor.jpg/330px-WikipediaHangmotor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/WikipediaHangmotor.jpg/440px-WikipediaHangmotor.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WikipediaHangmotor.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="color: #ff00fe;">A foot-launched <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powered_hang_glider" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Powered hang glider">powered hang glider</a></span></div></div></div><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Australia">Australia</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultralight_aviation&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In Australia, ultralight aircraft and their pilots can either be registered with the Hang Gliding Federation of Australia (HGFA)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HGFA_23-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-HGFA-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_Aviation_Australia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Recreational Aviation Australia">Recreational Aviation Australia</a> (RA Aus).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RAAus_24-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-RAAus-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup> In all cases, except for privately built single seat ultralight aeroplanes,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CASAUL_25-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-CASAUL-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> microlight aircraft or trikes are regulated by the Civil Aviation Regulations.</span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Canada">Canada</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultralight_aviation&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aircraft_(Canada)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ultralight aircraft (Canada)">Ultralight aircraft (Canada)</a></span></div><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultralight_aviation&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Pilots of a powered, fixed wing aircraft or paramotors do not need a licence, provided its weight with a full fuel tank is not more than 75 kg (165 lb), but they must obey the rules of the air.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">For heavier microlights the current UK regulations are similar to the European ones, but helicopters and gyroplanes are not included.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Other than the very earliest aircraft, all two-seat UK microlights (and until 2007 all single-seaters) have been required to meet an airworthiness standard; BCAR Section S.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> In 2007, Single Seat DeRegulated (SSDR), a sub-category of single seat aircraft was introduced, allowing owners more freedom for modification and experiments. By 2017 the airworthiness of all single seat microlights became solely the responsibility of the user, but pilots must hold a microlight licence;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup> currently NPPL(M) (National Private Pilots Licence).</span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultralight_aviation&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Ultralights in New Zealand are subject to NZCAA General Aviation regulations<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> with microlight specific variations as described in Part 103<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup> and AC103.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup></span></p><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="United_States">United States</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultralight_aviation&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aircraft_(United_States)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ultralight aircraft (United States)">Ultralight aircraft (United States)</a></span></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">The United States <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Federal Aviation Administration">FAA</a>'s definition of an ultralight is significantly different from that in most other countries and can lead to some confusion when discussing the topic. The governing regulation in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States">United States</a> is <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAR_103_Ultralight_Vehicles" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles">FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles</a>. In 2004, the FAA introduced the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-sport_aircraft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Light-sport aircraft">Light-sport aircraft</a>" category, which resembles some other countries' microlight categories. Ultralight aviation is represented by the United States Ultralight Association (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USUA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="USUA">USUA</a>), which acts as the US aeroclub representative to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a>.</span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Types">Types</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultralight_aviation&action=edit&section=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">There are several categories of aircraft which qualify as ultralights in some countries:</span></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">Fixed-wing aircraft</a>: traditional <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Airplane">airplane</a>-style designs.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_trike" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ultralight trike">Weight-shift control trike</a>: use a hang glider-style wing, below which is suspended a three-wheeled carriage which carries the engine and aviators. These aircraft are controlled by pushing against a horizontal control bar in roughly the same way as a hang glider pilot flies.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powered_parachute" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Powered parachute">Powered parachute</a>: fuselage-mounted engines with parafoil wings, which are wheeled aircraft.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powered_paraglider" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Powered paraglider">Powered paraglider</a>: backpack engines with parafoil wings, which are foot-launched.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powered_hang_glider" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Powered hang glider">Powered hang glider</a>: motorized foot-launched hang glider harness.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogyro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Autogyro">Autogyro</a>: rotary wing with fuselage-mounted engine, a gyrocopter is different from a helicopter in that the rotating wing is not powered, the engine provides forward thrust and the airflow through the rotary blades causes them to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorotation_(helicopter)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Autorotation (helicopter)">autorotate</a> or "spin up" thereby creating lift.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Helicopter">Helicopter</a>: there are a number of single-seat and two-place helicopters which fall under the microlight categories in countries such as New Zealand. However, few helicopter designs fall within the more restrictive ultralight category defined in the United States of America.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hot air balloon">Hot air balloon</a>: there are numerous ultralight hot air balloons in the US, and several more have been built and flown in France and Australia in recent years. Some ultralight hot air balloons are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopper_balloon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hopper balloon">hopper balloons</a>, while others are regular hot air balloons that carry passengers in a basket.</span></li></ul><h3 style="font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Electric">Electric</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultralight_aviation&action=edit&section=8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Electric">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">Advancements in batteries, motors, and motor controllers has led to some practical production <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_aircraft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Electric aircraft">electric propulsion systems</a> for some ultralight applications. In many ways, ultralights are a good application for electric power as some models are capable of flying with low power, which allows longer duration flights on battery power.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AvWeb12Apr08_33-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-AvWeb12Apr08-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">In 2007, the first pioneering company in this field, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Aircraft_Corporation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Electric Aircraft Corporation">Electric Aircraft Corporation</a>, began offering engine kits to convert ultralight weight shift trikes to electric power. The 18 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Horsepower">hp</a> motor weighs 26 lb (12 kg) and an efficiency of 90% is claimed by designer Randall Fishman. The battery consists of a lithium-polymer battery pack of 5.6kWh which provides 1.5 hours of flying in the trike application. The company claimed a flight recharge cost of 60 cents in 2007.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AvWeb12Apr08_33-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-AvWeb12Apr08-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Technical_details_34-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-Technical_details-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">A significant obstacle to the adoption of electric propulsion for ultralights in the U.S. is the weight of the battery, which is considered part of the empty weight of the aircraft despite efforts to have it considered as fuel.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation#cite_note-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup> As battery <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Energy density">energy density</a> improves lighter batteries can be used.</span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><br /></h2></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2